Methods of introgressing nucleic acid molecules associated with soybean cyst nematode resistance into soybean

ABSTRACT

The present invention is in the field of soybean genetics. More specifically, the invention relates to nucleic acid molecules from regions the soybean genome, which are associated with soybean cyst nematode resistance. The invention also relates to proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules as well as antibodies capable of recognizing these proteins. The invention also relates to nucleic acid markers from regions the soybean genome, which are associated with soybean cyst nematode resistance. Moreover, the invention relates to uses of such molecules, including, transforming soybean cyst nematode resistant soybean with constructs containing nucleic acid molecules from regions the soybean genome, which are associated with soybean cyst nematode resistance. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of such molecules in a plant breeding program.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/754,853, filed Jan. 5, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,021, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Application No. 60/174,880, filed Jan. 7, 2000. The disclosures of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/754,853 and 60/174,880 are both herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

A paper copy of the Sequence Listing and a computer readable form (CRF) of the sequence listing on diskette, containing the file named 00330V2.TXT, which is 2,521,108 bytes in size (measured in Windows XP), and which was recorded on Jul. 27, 2001, are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of soybean genetics. More specifically, the invention relates to nucleic acid molecules from regions of the soybean genome, which are associated with soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance. The invention also relates to proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules as well as antibodies capable of recognizing these proteins. The invention also relates to nucleic acid markers from regions of the soybean genome, which are associated with SCN resistance. Moreover, the invention relates to uses of such molecules, including, transforming SCN sensitive soybean with constructs containing nucleic acid molecules from regions in the soybean genome, which are associated with SCN resistance. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of such molecules in a plant breeding program.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril (Glycine max or soybean), is one of the major economic crops grown worldwide as a primary source of vegetable oil and protein (Sinclair and Backman, Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 3^(rd) Ed. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn., p. 106. (1989)). The growing demand for low cholesterol and high fiber diets has also increased soybean's importance as a health food.

Prior to 1940, soybean cultivars were either direct releases of introductions brought from Asia or pure line selections from genetically diverse plant introductions. The soybean plant was primarily used as a hay crop in the early part of the 19th century. Only a few introductions were large-seeded types useful for feed grain and oil production. From the mid 1930's through the 1960's, gains in soybean seed yields were achieved by changing the breeding method from evaluation and selection of introduced germplasm to crossing elite by elite lines. The continuous cycle of cross hybridizing the elite strains selected from the progenies of previous crosses resulted in the modern day cultivars.

Over 10,000 soybean strains have now been introduced into the United States since the early 1900's (Bernard et al., United States National Germplasm Collections. In: L. D. Hil (ed.), World Soybean Research, pp. 286-289. Interstate Printers and Publ., Danville, Ill. (1976)). A limited number of those introductions form the genetic base of cultivars developed from the hybridization and selection programs (Johnson and Bernard, The Soybean, Norman Ed., Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 1-73 (1963)). For example, in a survey conducted by Specht and Williams, Genetic Contributions, Fehr eds. American Soil Association, Wisconsin, pp. 49-73 (1984), for the 136 cultivars released from 1939 to 1989, only 16 different introductions were the source of cytoplasm for 121 of that 136. Certain soybean strains are sensitive to one or more pathogens. One economically important pathogen is SCN.

SCN accounts for roughly 40% of the total disease in soybean and can result in significant yield losses (up to 90%). SCN is the most destructive pest of soybean to date and accounts for an estimated yield loss of up to $809 million dollars annually. Currently, the most cost effective control measures are crop rotation and the use of host plant resistance. While breeders have successfully developed SCN resistant soybean lines, breeding is both difficult and time consuming due to the complex and polygenic nature of resistance. The resistance is often race specific and does not provide stability over time due to changing SCN populations in the field. In addition, many of the resistant soybean varieties carry a significant yield penalty when grown in the absence of SCN.

SCN, Heterodera glycines Inchinohe, was identified on soybeans in the United States in 1954 at Castle Hayne, N.C. Winstead, et al., Plant Dis. Rep. 39:9-11 (1955). Since its discovery the SCN has been recognized as one of the most destructive pests in soybean. It has been reported in nearly all states in which soybeans are grown, and it causes major production problems in several states, being particularly destructive in the Midwestern states. See generally: Caldwell, et al., Agron. J. 52:635-636 (1960); Rao-Arelli and Anand, Crop. Sci. 28:650-652, (1988); Baltazar and Mansur, Soybean Genet. Newsl. 19:120-122 (1992); Concibido, et al., Crop. Sci., (1993). For example, sensitive soybean cultivars had 5.7-35.8% lower seed yields than did resistant cultivars on SCN race-3 infested sites in Iowa. (Niblack and Norton, Plant Dis. 76:943-948 (1992)).

Shortly after the discovery of SCN in the United States, sources of SCN resistance were identified (Ross and Brim, Plant Dis. Rep. 41:923-924 (1957)). Some lines such as Peking and Plant Introduction (PI) PI88788, were quickly incorporated into breeding programs. Peking became widely used as a source of resistance due to its lack of agronomically undesirable traits, with Pickett as the first SCN resistant cultivar released (Brim and Ross, Crop Sci. 6:305 (1966)). The recognition that certain SCN resistant populations could overcome resistant cultivars lead to an extensive screen for additional sources of SCN resistance. PI88788 emerged as a popular source of race 3 and 4 resistance even though it had a cyst index greater than 10% (but less than 20%) against race 4, and Peking and its derivatives emerged as a popular source for races 1 and 3. PI437654 was subsequently identified as having resistance to all known races and its SCN resistance was backcrossed into Forrest. Currently there are more than 130 PIs known to have SCN resistance.

SCN race 3 is considered to be the prominent race in the Midwestern soybean producing states. Considerable effort has been devoted to the genetics and breeding for resistance to race 3. While both Peking and PI88788 are resistant to SCN race 3, classical genetics studies suggest that they harbor different genes for race 3 resistance (Rao-Arelli and Anand, Crop Sci. 28:650-652 (1988)). Crosses between PI88788(R) and Essex(S) segregate 9(R): 55(S) in the F₂ population and 1(R): 26(Seg): 37(S) families in the F₃ generation, suggesting that resistance to race 3 in PI88788 is conditioned by one recessive and two dominant genes, where as Peking and PI90763 resistance is conditioned by one dominant and two recessive genes. Based on reciprocal crosses, Peking, Forrest, and PI90763 have genes in common for resistance to SCN race 3 (Rao-Arelli and Anand, Crop Sci., 28:650-652 (1988)). A cross between Peking and PI88788 segregates 13(R):3(S) in the F₂ generation, indicating a major difference between the parents for race 3 resistance. Generation mean analysis based on four crosses between resistant and sensitive genotypes; A20 (R), Jack (R), Cordell (R) and A2234 (S), suggests that an additive genetic model is sufficient to explain most of the genetic variation of race 3 SCN resistance in each cross, while the analysis of the pooled data indicates the presence of dominant effects as well (Mansur, Carriquiry and Roa-Arelli, Crop Sci. 33:1249-1253 (1993)). This analysis further indicates that race 3 resistance is probably under the genetic control of three, but not more than four genes.

RFLP analysis of segregating populations between resistant and sensitive lines; PI209332 (R), PI90763 (R), PI88788 (R), Peking (R) and Evan (S), identified a major SCN resistance QTL (rhg1) which maps to linkage group G (Concibido et al., Theor Appl. Genet. 93:234-241 (1996)). In this study, rhg1 explains 51.4% of the phenotypic variation in PI209322, 52.7% of the variation in PI90763, 40.0% of the variation in PI88788 and 28.1% of the variation in Peking. This major resistance QTL was assumed be one and the same in all of the mapping populations employed. However, as pointed out by the authors, it is possible that the genomic interval contains distinct but tightly linked QTLs. In a related study using PI209332 as the source of resistance, Concibido et al., Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650 (1996), show that a QTL on linkage group G (rhg1) is effective against the three SCN races tested, explaining 35% of the phenotypic variation to race 1, 50% of the variation to race 3, and 54% of the variation to race 6. In addition to the major QTL on linkage group G, 4 other QTLs mapping to linkage groups D, J, L and K were identified, with some of the resistance loci behaving in a race specific manner.

Concibido et al. (Crop Sci. 37:258-264 (1997)) found significant association of marker C006V to a major QTL on linkage group G (rhg1) and resistance to race 1, race 3 and race 6, in Peking and PI90763 (Evan X Peking, Evan X PI90763) and races 3 and 6 in PI88788 (Evan X PI88788), in agreement with the previous study based on the P209332 source of resistance (Concibido et al., Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650 (1996)). The resistance locus near C006V was effective against all races tested in all of the resistance sources. While statistically significant against all races, this locus accounts for different proportions of the total phenotypic variation with the races tested. For example, in PI90763 the resistance locus near C006V explains more than three times the phenotypic variation against race 1 than against race 3. The variability can be attributed to differences in the genetic backgrounds, variability among the SCN populations or may be a reflection of the limited size of the plant populations which were employed. This study further identified three additional independent SCN resistance QTLs; one near the RFLP marker A378H mapping to the opposite end of linkage group G from C006V (rhg1), one near the marker B032V-1 on linkage group J and a third linked to A280Hae-1 on linkage group N. Comparisons between the different SCN races indicated that some of the putative SCN QTLs behave in a race specific manner.

PI437654 was identified as having resistance to all known races. Based on analysis of 328 recombinant inbreed lines (RIL) derived from a cross between PI437654 and BSR101, Webb reported six QTLs associated with SCN resistance on linkage groups A2, C1, G, M, L25 and L26 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081). An allele on linkage group G, presumed to be rhg1, is involved with certain SCN races tested (races 1, 2, 3, 5 and 14), and has the largest reported phenotypic effect on resistance to every race. In contrast, the QTLs on linkage groups A2, C1, M, L25 and L26 act in a race specific manner. The QTL on linkage group L25 was reportedly involved with four of the five races, while the QTLs on linkage groups, A2, C1 and L26 were each involved in resistance to two of the five races (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081). Webb further reports data that the resistance to any of the five races is likely to result from the combined effects of the QTL involved in each race (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081).

Qui et al. (Theor Appl Genet 98:356-364 (1999)) screened 200 F_(2:3) families derived from a cross between Peking and Essex and identified RFLP markers which are associated with SCN resistance QTLs on linkage groups B, E, I and H. The three QTLs on linkage groups B, E and H jointly account for 57.7% of the phenotypic variation to race 1, the QTLs on linkage groups H and B account for 21.4% of the variation to race 3, while the QTLs on linkage groups I and E are associated with resistance to race 5 accounting for 14.0% of the phenotypic variation. In contrast to previous mapping studies which use Peking as the source of resistance, no significant association was detected to the rhg1 locus on linkage group G. The authors point out that the marker Bng122, which has been shown to have significant linkage to rhg1, is not polymorphic in the population employed (Concibido et al., Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650 (1996)).

It has been reported that the rhg1 locus on linkage group G is necessary for the development of resistance to any of the SCN races. There have been efforts to develop molecular markers to identify breeding lines harboring the rhg1 SCN resistant allele. One of the most commonly used markers for marker assisted selection (MAS) of rhg1 is an SSR locus that co-segregates and maps roughly 0.4 cM from rhg1. This SRR marker, BARC-Satt_(—)309 is able to distinguish most, if not all, of the SCN sensitive genotypes from those harboring rhg1 from important sources of resistance such as Peking and PI437654. Two simple sequence repeat markers have been reported that can be used to select for SCN resistance at the rhg1 locus (Concibido et al., Theor Appl Genet 99: 811-818 (1999)). Satt_(—)309 was also effective in distinguishing SCN resistant sources PI88788 and PI209332 in many, but not all, sensitive genotypes. In particular, Satt_(—)309 can not be used for MAS in populations developed from “typical” southern US cultivars (e.g., Lee, Bragg and Essex) crossed with resistance sources PI88788 or PI209332.

Matson and Williams have reported a dominant SCN resistance locus, Rhg4, which is tightly linked to the ‘i’ locus on linkage group A2 (Matson and Williams, Crop Sci. 5:447 (1965)). The QTL reported by Webb on linkage group A2 maps near the ‘i’ locus and is considered to be Rhg4 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081). Webb concludes that only two loci on linkage groups A2 (Rhg4) and G (rhg1) explain the genetic variation to race 3.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes and provides a method for the production of a soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele comprising: (A) crossing a first soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele with a second soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN sensitive allele to produce a segregating population; (B) screening the segregating population for a member having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele with a first nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing to linkage group G, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule that is linked to the rhg1 SCN resistant allele; and, (C) selecting the member for further crossing and selection.

The present invention includes and provides a method of investigating an rhg1 haplotype of a soybean plant comprising: (A) isolating nucleic acid molecules from the soybean plant; (B) determining the nucleic acid sequence of an rhg1 allele or part thereof; and, (C) comparing the nucleic acid sequence of the rhg1 allele or part thereof to a reference nucleic acid sequence. The present invention includes and provides a method of introgressing SCN resistance or partial SCN resistance into a soybean plant comprising: performing marker assisted selection of the soybean plant with a nucleic acid marker, wherein the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule having a first nucleic acid sequence that is physically linked to a second nucleic acid sequence that is located on linkage group G of soybean A3244, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is within 500 kb of a third nucleic acid sequence which is capable of specifically hybridizing with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, complements thereof, or fragments thereof having at least 15 nucleotides; and, selecting the soybean plant based on the marker assisted selection.

The present invention includes and provides a method for the production of a soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele comprising: (A) crossing a first soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele with a second soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele to produce a segregating population; (B) screening the segregating population for a member having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele with a first nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing to linkage group A2, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule linked to the Rhg4 SCN resistant allele; and, (C) selecting the member for further crossing and selection.

The present invention includes and provides a method of investigating an Rhg4 haplotype of a soybean plant comprising: (A) isolating nucleic acid molecules from the soybean plant; (B) determining the nucleic acid sequence of an Rhg4 allele or part thereof; and (C) comparing the nucleic acid sequence of the Rhg4 allele or part thereof to a reference nucleic acid sequence.

The present invention includes and provides a method of introgressing SCN resistance or partial SCN resistance into a soybean plant comprising: performing marker assisted selection of the soybean plant with a nucleic acid marker, wherein the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule having a first nucleic acid sequence that is physically linked to a second nucleic acid sequence that is located on linkage group A2 of soybean A3244, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is within 500 kb of a third nucleic acid sequence which specifically hybridizes with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, complements thereof, or fragments thereof having at least 15 nucleotides; and, selecting the soybean plant based on the marker assisted selection.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 8-23, 28-43, complements thereof, and fragments of either.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified first nucleic acid molecule with nucleic acid sequence which specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a complement of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 8-23, 28-43.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 44-47, and 50-53, complements thereof, and fragments of either.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified first nucleic acid molecule with nucleic acid sequence which specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a complement of SEQ ID NOs: 50-53.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1097, 1098, and 1100-1115 and fragments thereof.

The present invention includes and provides a substantially purified protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1099, and 1116-1119 and fragments thereof.

The present invention includes and provides a transformed plant having a nucleic acid molecule which comprises: (A) an exogenous promoter region which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of a mRNA molecule; (B) a structural nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1097, 1100, 1098, 1101, 1102-1115; and (C) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions in the plant cell to cause termination of transcription and addition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to a 3′ end of the mRNA molecule.

The present invention includes and provides a transformed plant having a nucleic acid molecule which comprises: (A) an exogenous promoter region which functions in a plant cell to cause the production of a mRNA molecule; (B) a structural nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1099, 1116-1119; and (C) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions in the plant cell to cause termination of transcription and addition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to a 3′ end of the mRNA molecule.

The present invention includes and provides a transgenic seed having a nucleic acid molecule which comprises: (A) an exogenous promoter region which functions to cause the production of a mRNA molecule; (B) a structural nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1097, 1100, 1098, 1101, 1102-1115; and (C) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions to cause termination of transcription and addition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to a 3′ end of the mRNA molecule.

The present invention includes and provides a transgenic seed having a nucleic acid molecule which comprises: (A) an exogenous promoter region which functions to cause the production of a mRNA molecule; (B) a structural nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein or fragment thereof comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1099, 1116-1119; and (C) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions to cause termination of transcription and addition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to a 3′ end of the mRNA molecule.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is an amino acid sequence alignment of the leucine rich repeat domain of rhg1 SEQ ID NO: 1121.

FIG. 2 is an amino acid sequence alignment of the leucine rich repeat domain of Rhg4 SEQ ID NO: 1122.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The following sequence listings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these sequences in combination with the detailed description presented herein.

SEQ ID NOs: 1-7 and 1097-1099 all refer to sequences from the line A3244.

SEQ ID NO: 1 is sequence ID 515O02_region_G2 from line A3244, and is adjacent to the contig containing rhg1.

SEQ ID NO: 2 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3 from line A3244, and contains the rhg1, v.1 four exon gene at coding coordinates 45163-45314, 45450-45509, 46941-48763, 48975-49573. The amino acid translation for SEQ ID NO: 2 is SEQ ID NO: 1097.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3 from line A3244, and contains the rhg1, v.2 two exon gene at coding coordinates 46798-48763 and 48975-49573. The amino acid translation for SEQ ID NO: 3 is SEQ ID NO: 1098.

SEQ ID NO: 4 is sequence ID 318O13_region_A3 from line A3244, contains the Rhg4 gene at coding coordinates 111805-113968 and 114684-115204, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1099.

SEQ ID NO: 5 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_(—)8_mRNA, and comprises the two rhg1, v.2 exons from the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_(—)8_cds, and comprises the four rhg1, v.1 exons from the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 2.

SEQ ID NO: 7 is sequence ID 318O13_region_A3_(—)17_cds, and comprises the Rhg4 coding sequence portion from SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NOs: 8-43 and 1100-1115 all refer to rhg1 sequences.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is sequence ID rhg1_A3244_amplicon from line A3244, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, and 3925-4523, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1100 and 1097.

SEQ ID NO: 9 is sequence ID rhg1_A3244_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1748-3713 and 3925-4523 and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1101 and 1098.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is sequence ID rhg1_peking_amplicon from the line peking, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1888-3710, and 3903-4501, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1102.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is sequence ID rhg1_peking_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1745-3710 and 3903-4501, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1103.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is sequence ID rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon from the line toyosuzu, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1890-3712, and 3924-4522, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1104.

SEQ ID NO: 13 is sequence ID rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1747-3712 and 3924-4522, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1105.

SEQ ID NO: 14 is sequence ID rhg1_will_amplicon from the line will, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, and 3925-4523, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1106.

SEQ ID NO: 15 is sequence ID rhg1_will_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1748-3713 and 3925-4523, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1107.

SEQ ID NO: 16 is sequence ID rhg1_a2704_amplicon from the line A2704, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, and 3925-4523, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1108.

SEQ ID NO: 17 is sequence ID rhg1_a2704_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1748-3713 and 3925-4523, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1109.

SEQ ID NO: 18 is sequence ID rhg1_noir_amplicon from the line noir, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1110.

SEQ ID NO: 19 is sequence ID rhg1_noir_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1733-3698 and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1111.

SEQ ID NO: 20 is sequence ID rhg1_lee_amplicon from the line lee, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1112.

SEQ ID NO: 21 is sequence ID rhg1_lee_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1733-3698 and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1113.

SEQ ID NO: 22 is sequence ID rhg1_pi200499_amplicon from the line PI200499, contains four rhg1, v.1 exons at coding coordinates 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1114.

SEQ ID NO: 23 is sequence ID rhg1_pi200499_amplicon, contains two rhg1, v.2 exons at coding coordinates 1733-3698 and 3910-4508, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1115.

SEQ ID NO: 24 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_forward_(—)1, is a primer that hybridizes to coordinates 45051-45077 on contig 240017_region_G3 before the start codon, and can be used with SEQ ID NO: 25.

SEQ ID NO: 25 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_reverse_(—)1, is a primer that hybridizes to coordinates 47942-47918 on contig 240017_region_G3, and can be used with SEQ ID NO: 24.

SEQ ID NO: 26 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_forward_(—)2, is a primer that hybridizes to coordinates 47808-47831 on contig 240017_region_G3, and can be used with SEQ ID NO: 27.

SEQ ID NO: 27 is sequence ID 240O17_region_G3_reverse_(—)2, is a primer that hybridizes to coordinates 49553-49531 of contig 240017_region_G3 prior to the stop codon, and can be used with SEQ ID NO: 26.

Primers given by SEQ ID NOs: 24-27 are used to create the amplicons of SEQ ID NOs: 8-23. The final 22 bases are added to the actual amplicons in order to simulate the rest of the gene to the stop codon, in order to allow complete translation.

SEQ ID NO: 28 is sequence ID rhg1_A3244_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 8.

SEQ ID NO: 29 is sequence ID rhg1_peking_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 10.

SEQ ID NO: 30 is sequence ID rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 12.

SEQ ID NO: 31 is sequence ID rhg1_will_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 14.

SEQ ID NO: 32 is sequence ID rhg1_a2704_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 16.

SEQ ID NO: 33 is sequence ID rhg1_noir_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 18.

SEQ ID NO: 34 is sequence ID rhg1_lee_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 20.

SEQ ID NO: 35 is sequence ID rhg1_pi200499_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 22.

SEQ ID NO: 36 is sequence ID rhg1_A3244_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 9.

SEQ ID NO: 37 is sequence ID rhg1_peking_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 11.

SEQ ID NO: 38 is sequence ID rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 13.

SEQ ID NO: 39 is sequence ID rhg1_will_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 15.

SEQ ID NO: 40 is sequence ID rhg1_a2704_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 17.

SEQ ID NO: 41 is sequence ID rhg1_noir_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 19.

SEQ ID NO: 42 is sequence ID rhg1_lee_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 21.

SEQ ID NO: 43 is sequence ID rhg1_pi200499_amplicon_cds_(—)2, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 23.

SEQ ID NOs: 44-53 and 1116-1119 all refer to Rhg4 sequences.

SEQ ID NO: 44 is sequence ID rhg4_a3244_amplicon from the line A3244, contains Rhg4 at coding coordinates 79-2242 and 2958-3478, is made using SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1116 and 1099.

SEQ ID NO: 45 is sequence ID rhg4_Minsoy_amplicon from the line Minsoy, contains Rhg4 at coding coordinates 79-2242 and 2958-3478, is made using SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1117.

SEQ ID NO: 46 is sequence ID rhg4_Jack_amplicon from the line Jack, contains Rhg4 at coding coordinates 79-2242 and 2958-3478, is made using SEQ ID NO: 48 and 49, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1118.

SEQ ID NO: 47 is sequence ID rhg4_peking_amplicon from the line Peking, contains Rhg4 at coding coordinates 79-2242 and 2958-3478, is made using SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, and has an amino acid translation of SEQ ID NO: 1119.

SEQ ID NO: 48 is sequence ID 318O13_region_A3_forward, hybridizes to coordinates 111727-111756 of contig 318O13_region_A3, and is a primer used with SEQ ID NO: 49 to create Rhg4 amplicons.

SEQ ID NO: 49 is sequence ID 318O13_region_A3_reverse, hybridizes to coordinates 115206-115177 of contig 318O13_region_A3, and is a primer used with SEQ ID NO: 48 to create Rhg4 amplicons.

SEQ ID NO: 50 is sequence ID rhg4_A3244_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 44.

SEQ ID NO: 51 is sequence ID rhg4_Minsoy_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 45.

SEQ ID NO: 52 is sequence ID rhg4_Jack_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 46.

SEQ ID NO: 53 is sequence ID rhg4_peking_amplicon_cds, which is the coding sequence portion of SEQ ID NO: 47.

SEQ ID NO: 1120 is sequence ID consensusLRR, which is a consensus sequence for the LRR repeats shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

SEQ ID NO: 1121 is sequence ID rhg1LRR, which is the amino acid sequence of the LRR domain shown in FIG. 1.

SEQ ID NO: 1122 is sequence ID Rhg4LRR, which is the amino acid sequence of the LRR domain shown in FIG. 2.

SEQ ID NO: 1123 is sequence ID 240O17 region_G3_forward_(—)1_b, which is an alternate primer that hybridizes to coordinates 45046-45072 on contig 240017_region_G3 before the start codon, and which can be used with SEQ ID NO: 25.

Table 1 below provides further information on the sequences described herein.

In table 1, for all rows, “Seq Num” refers to the corresponding SEQ ID NO in the sequence listing.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 1-53 and 1120-1123 “Seq ID” refers to the name of the SEQ ID NO given in the “Seq Num” column.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 8-23, and 44-47“Coding Sequence” refers to the coordinates of the coding portion of the SEQ ID NO given in the “Seq Num” column, and “AA” refers to the SEQ ID NO that is the amino acid translation of the SEQ ID NO given in the “Seq Num” column.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 24-27 and 1123, “Primer location on 240017_region_G3” refers to the coordinates of the 240017_region_G3 contig to which the SEQ ID NO given in the “Seq Num” column hybridizes.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, “Primer location on 318O13_region_A3” refers to the coordinates of the 318O13_region_A3 contig to which the SEQ ID NO given in the “Seq Num” column hybridizes.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 54-400, “Seq ID” refers to the names of amplicon sequences. Within the Seq ID is the “ ” (double length underscore) symbol. The name before this symbol refers to the name of the contig in which the amplicon is found, and the numbers after this symbol refer to the nucleotide location of the SSR on the contig.

For rows with SEQ ID NOs: 401-1096, “Seq ID” refers to the names of primer sequences used in PCR to generate the amplicon sequences in table 1. For these rows, the “Seq ID” name contains the same name as the amplicon that is generated by the pair of primers of which the SEQ ID NO referred to in the first column is a member. The “Seq ID” name also contains either “Forward” or “Reverse,” which indicates the orientation of the primer. For these sequences, “location of primer on contig start” and “location of primer on contig end” refer, respectively, to the first and last base number of the contig on which the primer aligns.

TABLE 1 Seq Num Seq ID 1 515O02_region_G2 Coding Sequence AA No. 2 240O17_region_G3 45163-45314, 45450-45509, 46941-48763, 1097 48975-49573 3 240O17_region_G3 46798-48763, 48975-49573 1098 4 318O13_region_A3 111805-113968, 114684-115204 1099 5 240O17_region_G3_8_mRNA 6 240O17_region_G3_8_cds 7 318O13_region_A3_17_cds Coding Sequence AA No. 8 rhg1_A3244_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, 3925-4523 1100 9 rhg1_A3244_amplicon 1748-3713, 3925-4523 1101 10 rhg1_peking_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1888-3710, 3903-4501 1102 11 rhg1_peking_amplicon 1745-3710, 3903-4501 1103 12 rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1890-3712, 3924-4522 1104 13 rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon 1747-3712, 3924-4522 1105 14 rhg1_will_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, 3925-4523 1106 15 rhg1_will_amplicon 1748-3713, 3925-4523 1107 16 rhg1_a2704_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1891-3713, 3925-4523 1108 17 rhg1_a2704_amplicon 1748-3713, 3925-4523 1109 18 rhg1_noir_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, 3910-4508 1110 19 rhg1_noir_amplicon 1733-3698, 3910-4508 1111 20 rhg1_lee_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, 3910-4508 1112 21 rhg1_lee_amplicon 1733-3698, 3910-4508 1113 22 rhg1_pi200499_amplicon 113-264, 400-459, 1876-3698, 3910-4508 1114 23 rhg1_pi200499_amplicon 1733-3698, 3910-4508 1115 Primer location on 240O17_region_G3 24 240O17_region_G3_forward_1 45051-45077 25 240O17_region_G3_reverse_1 47942-47918 26 240O17_region_G3_forward_2 47808-47831 27 240O17_region_G3_reverse_2 49553-49531 28 rhg1_A3244_amplicon_cds 29 rhg1_peking_amplicon_cds 30 rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon_cds 31 rhg1_will_amplicon_cds 32 rhg1_a2704_amplicon_cds 33 rhg1_noir_amplicon_cds 34 rhg1_lee_amplicon_cds 35 rhg1_pi200499_amplicon_cds 36 rhg1_A3244_amplicon_cds_2 37 rhg1_peking_amplicon_cds_2 38 rhg1_toyosuzu_amplicon_cds_2 39 rhg1_will_amplicon_cds_2 40 rhg1_a2704_amplicon_cds_2 41 rhg1_noir_amplicon_cds_2 42 rhg1_lee_amplicon_cds_2 43 rhg1_pi200499_amplicon_cds_2 Coding Sequence AA No. 44 rhg4_a3244_amplicon 79-2242, 2958-3478 1116 45 rhg4_Minsoy_amplicon 79-2242, 2958-3478 1117 46 rhg4_Jack_amplicon 79-2242, 2958-3478 1118 47 rhg4_peking_amplicon 79-2242, 2958-3478 1119 Primer location on 318O13_region_A3 48 318O13_region_A3_forward 111727-111756 49 318O13_region_A3_reverse 115206-115177 50 rhg4_A3244_amplicon_cds 51 rhg4_Minsoy_amplicon_cds 52 rhg4_Jack_amplicon_cds 53 rhg4_peking_amplicon_cds 54 240O17_region_G3_289711_11 55 240O17_region_G3_236585_14 56 240O17_region_G3_168772_13 57 240O17_region_G3_332420_21 58 240O17_region_G3_228126_18 59 240O17_region_G3_139723_11 60 240O17_region_G3_280585_14 61 240O17_region_G3_70509_14 62 240O17_region_G3_50537_17 63 240O17_region_G3_231556_17 64 240O17_region_G3_117057_11 65 240O17_region_G3_23092_13 66 240O17_region_G3_297741_14 67 240O17_region_G3_206502_14 68 240O17_region_G3_221223_13 69 240O17_region_G3_169084_14 70 240O17_region_G3_94891_14 71 240O17_region_G3_281852_61 72 240O17_region_G3_46583_12 73 240O17_region_G3_306835_13 74 240O17_region_G3_85471_12 75 240O17_region_G3_257208_12 76 240O17_region_G3_150390_17 77 240O17_region_G3_34697_75 78 240O17_region_G3_150374_13 79 240O17_region_G3_40513_22 80 240O17_region_G3_268602_14 81 240O17_region_G3_25357_13 82 240O17_region_G3_137548_13 83 240O17_region_G3_139131_13 84 240O17_region_G3_203855_12 85 240O17_region_G3_199049_15 86 240O17_region_G3_320907_12 87 240O17_region_G3_16407_17 88 240O17_region_G3_206516_17 89 240O17_region_G3_264495_13 90 240O17_region_G3_156785_13 91 240O17_region_G3_187129_12 92 240O17_region_G3_214106_13 93 240O17_region_G3_149013_12 94 240O17_region_G3_326352_16 95 240O17_region_G3_278962_12 96 240O17_region_G3_256930_13 97 240O17_region_G3_29646_14 98 240O17_region_G3_29618_13 99 240O17_region_G3_108561_14 100 240O17_region_G3_143975_14 101 240O17_region_G3_108431_20 102 240O17_region_G3_281764_11 103 240O17_region_G3_130058_15 104 240O17_region_G3_310590_52 105 240O17_region_G3_313405_14 106 240O17_region_G3_302190_13 107 240O17_region_G3_225343_17 108 240O17_region_G3_208823_14 109 240O17_region_G3_74285_11 110 240O17_region_G3_109052_16 111 240O17_region_G3_6395_12 112 240O17_region_G3_244905_16 113 240O17_region_G3_244956_13 114 240O17_region_G3_117220_13 115 240O17_region_G3_134707_14 116 240O17_region_G3_35078_13 117 240O17_region_G3_210506_16 118 240O17_region_G3_116961_26 119 240O17_region_G3_51073_13 120 240O17_region_G3_55291_15 121 240O17_region_G3_229651_18 122 240O17_region_G3_303308_19 123 240O17_region_G3_168373_20 124 240O17_region_G3_253333_17 125 240O17_region_G3_5791_13 126 240O17_region_G3_206841_19 127 240O17_region_G3_202827_12 128 240O17_region_G3_322656_13 129 240O17_region_G3_111841_14 130 240O17_region_G3_192719_13 131 240O17_region_G3_195630_17 132 240O17_region_G3_69999_13 133 240O17_region_G3_11176_13 134 240O17_region_G3_228643_13 135 240O17_region_G3_88478_19 136 240O17_region_G3_108950_13 137 240O17_region_G3_121054_14 138 240O17_region_G3_188337_14 139 240O17_region_G3_255944_21 140 240O17_region_G3_219518_14 141 240O17_region_G3_235601_15 142 240O17_region_G3_301529_13 143 240O17_region_G3_94795_14 144 240O17_region_G3_46703_23 145 240O17_region_G3_59616_14 146 240O17_region_G3_296933_15 147 240O17_region_G3_192428_17 148 240O17_region_G3_191490_14 149 240O17_region_G3_201115_11 150 240O17_region_G3_72882_15 151 240O17_region_G3_69514_13 152 240O17_region_G3_37699_47 153 240O17_region_G3_11301_29 154 240O17_region_G3_141875_12 155 240O17_region_G3_98090_18 156 240O17_region_G3_43298_35 157 240O17_region_G3_262094_11 158 240O17_region_G3_262079_15 159 240O17_region_G3_59090_12 160 240O17_region_G3_245723_13 161 240O17_region_G3_194628_54 162 240O17_region_G3_4566_16 163 240O17_region_G3_96209_14 164 240O17_region_G3_248715_17 165 240O17_region_G3_71410_40 166 240O17_region_G3_226519_13 167 240O17_region_G3_11282_19 168 240O17_region_G3_170504_12 169 240O17_region_G3_40864_14 170 240O17_region_G3_13529_14 171 240O17_region_G3_22858_14 172 240O17_region_G3_309211_13 173 240O17_region_G3_55568_26 174 240O17_region_G3_73238_16 175 240O17_region_G3_52488_19 176 318O13_region_A3_471518_14 177 318O13_region_A3_231599_23 178 318O13_region_A3_375912_13 179 318O13_region_A3_180013_12 180 318O13_region_A3_171606_14 181 318O13_region_A3_416256_13 182 318O13_region_A3_231395_15 183 318O13_region_A3_5502_47 184 318O13_region_A3_93061_14 185 318O13_region_A3_111684_19 186 318O13_region_A3_69328_14 187 318O13_region_A3_36529_17 188 318O13_region_A3_139128_12 189 318O13_region_A3_495674_13 190 318O13_region_A3_187577_13 191 318O13_region_A3_453036_14 192 318O13_region_A3_374041_13 193 318O13_region_A3_3412_11 194 318O13_region_A3_276495_28 195 318O13_region_A3_151839_17 196 318O13_region_A3_292912_12 197 318O13_region_A3_104560_12 198 318O13_region_A3_65193_11 199 318O13_region_A3_110573_70 200 318O13_region_A3_65117_12 201 318O13_region_A3_490837_16 202 318O13_region_A3_107448_11 203 318O13_region_A3_331_23 204 318O13_region_A3_193470_13 205 318O13_region_A3_183305_14 206 318O13_region_A3_55050_14 207 318O13_region_A3_224693_21 208 318O13_region_A3_207216_12 209 318O13_region_A3_4654_22 210 318O13_region_A3_408959_13 211 318O13_region_A3_132288_22 212 318O13_region_A3_292822_20 213 318O13_region_A3_311076_12 214 318O13_region_A3_509623_13 215 318O13_region_A3_190404_14 216 318O13_region_A3_164916_15 217 318O13_region_A3_21028_13 218 318O13_region_A3_208012_17 219 318O13_region_A3_484089_14 220 318O13_region_A3_332780_17 221 318O13_region_A3_480137_37 222 318O13_region_A3_441056_14 223 318O13_region_A3_77486_11 224 318O13_region_A3_272468_11 225 318O13_region_A3_425319_17 226 318O13_region_A3_413879_31 227 318O13_region_A3_80477_64 228 318O13_region_A3_277272_50 229 318O13_region_A3_509642_13 230 318O13_region_A3_321771_14 231 318O13_region_A3_26788_12 232 318O13_region_A3_262706_16 233 318O13_region_A3_243928_16 234 318O13_region_A3_23246_14 235 318O13_region_A3_165406_12 236 318O13_region_A3_486294_14 237 318O13_region_A3_46754_12 238 318O13_region_A3_381116_15 239 318O13_region_A3_350369_11 240 318O13_region_A3_138841_13 241 318O13_region_A3_12158_14 242 318O13_region_A3_315368_13 243 318O13_region_A3_307549_13 244 318O13_region_A3_159857_14 245 318O13_region_A3_140551_15 246 318O13_region_A3_279869_11 247 318O13_region_A3_78292_35 248 318O13_region_A3_185019_12 249 318O13_region_A3_409164_13 250 318O13_region_A3_75392_14 251 318O13_region_A3_231320_12 252 318O13_region_A3_381102_14 253 318O13_region_A3_491826_15 254 318O13_region_A3_56365_21 255 318O13_region_A3_372628_15 256 318O13_region_A3_302609_11 257 318O13_region_A3_341804_11 258 318O13_region_A3_217037_11 259 318O13_region_A3_264929_68 260 318O13_region_A3_55499_12 261 318O13_region_A3_295634_14 262 318O13_region_A3_269358_15 263 318O13_region_A3_457009_24 264 318O13_region_A3_176598_14 265 318O13_region_A3_278266_12 266 318O13_region_A3_391810_12 267 318O13_region_A3_269485_15 268 318O13_region_A3_359247_17 269 318O13_region_A3_315094_13 270 318O13_region_A3_307823_13 271 318O13_region_A3_248588_15 272 318O13_region_A3_252426_85 273 318O13_region_A3_513314_16 274 318O13_region_A3_68183_14 275 318O13_region_A3_471191_13 276 318O13_region_A3_163547_18 277 318O13_region_A3_417867_15 278 318O13_region_A3_332465_14 279 318O13_region_A3_207697_14 280 318O13_region_A3_277229_43 281 318O13_region_A3_36366_11 282 318O13_region_A3_91970_12 283 318O13_region_A3_211533_11 284 318O13_region_A3_336301_11 285 318O13_region_A3_441603_14 286 318O13_region_A3_468354_15 287 318O13_region_A3_188983_18 288 318O13_region_A3_115502_17 289 318O13_region_A3_163006_13 290 318O13_region_A3_119283_14 291 318O13_region_A3_491126_11 292 318O13_region_A3_99512_21 293 318O13_region_A3_280291_17 294 318O13_region_A3_138443_19 295 318O13_region_A3_115973_14 296 318O13_region_A3_329977_14 297 318O13_region_A3_205203_14 298 318O13_region_A3_153114_12 299 318O13_region_A3_34581_13 300 318O13_region_A3_292577_19 301 318O13_region_A3_445391_20 302 318O13_region_A3_350540_17 303 318O13_region_A3_453879_15 304 318O13_region_A3_201246_13 305 318O13_region_A3_326020_13 306 318O13_region_A3_503801_14 307 318O13_region_A3_302400_52 308 318O13_region_A3_448857_15 309 318O13_region_A3_48364_14 310 318O13_region_A3_251804_48 311 318O13_region_A3_382583_13 312 318O13_region_A3_124737_14 313 318O13_region_A3_124766_13 314 318O13_region_A3_461351_16 315 318O13_region_A3_64953_19 316 318O13_region_A3_366586_13 317 318O13_region_A3_46190_15 318 318O13_region_A3_81016_11 319 318O13_region_A3_134426_14 320 318O13_region_A3_292724_14 321 318O13_region_A3_187096_17 322 318O13_region_A3_381693_13 323 318O13_region_A3_361286_33 324 318O13_region_A3_482668_14 325 318O13_region_A3_128002_12 326 318O13_region_A3_499270_14 327 318O13_region_A3_231650_12 328 318O13_region_A3_199851_13 329 318O13_region_A3_324629_13 330 318O13_region_A3_374190_19 331 318O13_region_A3_460603_13 332 318O13_region_A3_108681_14 333 318O13_region_A3_459791_47 334 318O13_region_A3_4257_20 335 318O13_region_A3_238810_14 336 318O13_region_A3_245817_14 337 318O13_region_A3_245956_14 338 318O13_region_A3_74148_14 339 318O13_region_A3_74089_15 340 318O13_region_A3_241686_12 341 318O13_region_A3_47476_12 342 318O13_region_A3_164550_12 343 318O13_region_A3_101255_15 344 515O02_region_G2_16189_11 345 515O02_region_G2_71925_13 346 515O02_region_G2_4707_12 347 515O02_region_G2_118904_18 348 515O02_region_G2_13655_17 349 515O02_region_G2_53900_13 350 515O02_region_G2_8079_14 351 515O02_region_G2_9969_28 352 515O02_region_G2_72308_77 353 515O02_region_G2_99475_19 354 515O02_region_G2_118615_18 355 515O02_region_G2_119001_46 356 515O02_region_G2_118958_43 357 515O02_region_G2_17197_13 358 515O02_region_G2_105163_29 359 515O02_region_G2_111335_13 360 515O02_region_G2_106396_13 361 515O02_region_G2_59229_17 362 515O02_region_G2_73795_20 363 515O02_region_G2_85664_20 364 515O02_region_G2_36921_17 365 515O02_region_G2_124150_19 366 515O02_region_G2_5089_14 367 515O02_region_G2_58221_15 368 515O02_region_G2_96139_14 369 515O02_region_G2_70595_13 370 515O02_region_G2_4340_15 371 515O02_region_G2_90417_11 372 515O02_region_G2_49711_17 373 515O02_region_G2_63053_13 374 515O02_region_G2_63076_14 375 515O02_region_G2_44442_12 376 515O02_region_G2_44422_19 377 515O02_region_G2_44158_19 378 515O02_region_G2_44141_17 379 515O02_region_G2_90762_17 380 515O02_region_G2_106241_14 381 515O02_region_G2_109676_12 382 515O02_region_G2_86242_14 383 515O02_region_G2_83109_12 384 515O02_region_G2_10461_15 385 515O02_region_G2_67608_15 386 515O02_region_G2_63275_46 387 515O02_region_G2_62405_14 388 515O02_region_G2_33563_12 389 515O02_region_G2_33146_14 390 515O02_region_G2_102179_29 391 515O02_region_G2_2646_15 392 515O02_region_G2_76652_24 393 515O02_region_G2_66280_14 394 515O02_region_G2_54768_13 395 515O02_region_G2_62580_14 396 515O02_region_G2_34598_55 397 515O02_region_G2_77680_13 398 515O02_region_G2_77693_12 399 515O02_region_G2_97392_14 400 515O02_region_G2_97359_15 location of primer location of primer on contig start on contig end 401 240O17_region_G3_289711_11_Forward_Primer 289637 289661 402 240O17_region_G3_289711_11_Reverse_Primer 289756 289732 403 240O17_region_G3_236585_14_Forward_Primer 236511 236535 404 240O17_region_G3_236585_14_Reverse_Primer 236638 236614 405 240O17_region_G3_168772_13_Forward_Primer 168683 168707 406 240O17_region_G3_168772_13_Reverse_Primer 168811 168786 407 240O17_region_G3_332420_21_Forward_Primer 332375 332399 408 240O17_region_G3_332420_21_Reverse_Primer 332505 332481 409 240O17_region_G3_228126_18_Forward_Primer 228048 228072 410 240O17_region_G3_228126_18_Reverse_Primer 228182 228158 411 240O17_region_G3_139723_11_Forward_Primer 139666 139690 412 240O17_region_G3_139723_11_Reverse_Primer 139802 139778 413 240O17_region_G3_280585_14_Forward_Primer 280524 280550 414 240O17_region_G3_280585_14_Reverse_Primer 280661 280637 415 240O17_region_G3_70509_14_Forward_Primer 70478 70502 416 240O17_region_G3_70509_14_Reverse_Primer 70616 70592 417 240O17_region_G3_50537_17_Forward_Primer 50455 50479 418 240O17_region_G3_50537_17_Reverse_Primer 50593 50569 419 240O17_region_G3_231556_17_Forward_Primer 231468 231492 420 240O17_region_G3_231556_17_Reverse_Primer 231606 231582 421 240O17_region_G3_117057_11_Forward_Primer 117029 117053 422 240O17_region_G3_117057_11_Reverse_Primer 117169 117145 423 240O17_region_G3_23092_13_Forward_Primer 23010 23034 424 240O17_region_G3_23092_13_Reverse_Primer 23151 23127 425 240O17_region_G3_297741_14_Forward_Primer 297680 297704 426 240O17_region_G3_297741_14_Reverse_Primer 297823 297799 427 240O17_region_G3_206502_14_Forward_Primer 206456 206480 428 240O17_region_G3_206502_14_Reverse_Primer 206600 206581 429 240O17_region_G3_221223_13_Forward_Primer 221134 221158 430 240O17_region_G3_221223_13_Reverse_Primer 221278 221254 431 240O17_region_G3_169084_14_Forward_Primer 169051 169075 432 240O17_region_G3_169084_14_Reverse_Primer 169196 169173 433 240O17_region_G3_94891_14_Forward_Primer 94784 94808 434 240O17_region_G3_94891_14_Reverse_Primer 94929 94905 435 240O17_region_G3_7439_12_Forward_Primer 7397 7421 436 240O17_region_G3_7439_12_Reverse_Primer 7542 7518 437 240O17_region_G3_281852_61_Forward_Primer 281797 281821 438 240O17_region_G3_281852_61_Reverse_Primer 281943 281919 439 240O17_region_G3_46583_12_Forward_Primer 46554 46578 440 240O17_region_G3_46583_12_Reverse_Primer 46700 46676 441 240O17_region_G3_306835_13_Forward_Primer 306727 306751 442 240O17_region_G3_306835_13_Reverse_Primer 306874 306849 443 240O17_region_G3_85471_12_Forward_Primer 85359 85383 444 240O17_region_G3_85471_12_Reverse_Primer 85507 85483 445 240O17_region_G3_257208_12_Forward_Primer 257129 257153 446 240O17_region_G3_257208_12_Reverse_Primer 257278 257254 447 240O17_region_G3_150390_17_Forward_Primer 150327 150351 448 240O17_region_G3_150390_17_Reverse_Primer 150476 150452 449 240O17_region_G3_34697_75_Forward_Primer 34662 34685 450 240O17_region_G3_34697_75_Reverse_Primer 34811 34787 451 240O17_region_G3_150374_13_Forward_Primer 150327 150351 452 240O17_region_G3_150374_13_Reverse_Primer 150476 150452 453 240O17_region_G3_40513_22_Forward_Primer 40422 40446 454 240O17_region_G3_40513_22_Reverse_Primer 40572 40548 455 240O17_region_G3_268602_14_Forward_Primer 268555 268579 456 240O17_region_G3_268602_14_Reverse_Primer 268705 268681 457 240O17_region_G3_25357_13_Forward_Primer 25271 25295 458 240O17_region_G3_25357_13_Reverse_Primer 25422 25402 459 240O17_region_G3_137548_13_Forward_Primer 139088 139111 459 240O17_region_G3_137548_13_Forward_Primer 137505 137528 460 240O17_region_G3_137548_13_Reverse_Primer 139239 139215 460 240O17_region_G3_137548_13_Reverse_Primer 137656 137632 461 240O17_region_G3_139131_13_Forward_Primer 139088 139111 462 240O17_region_G3_139131_13_Reverse_Primer 139239 139215 463 240O17_region_G3_203855_12_Forward_Primer 203749 203773 464 240O17_region_G3_203855_12_Reverse_Primer 203901 203877 465 240O17_region_G3_199049_15_Forward_Primer 199008 199033 466 240O17_region_G3_199049_15_Reverse_Primer 199160 199136 467 240O17_region_G3_320907_12_Forward_Primer 320885 320906 468 240O17_region_G3_320907_12_Reverse_Primer 321038 321015 469 240O17_region_G3_16407_17_Forward_Primer 16330 16354 470 240O17_region_G3_16407_17_Reverse_Primer 16483 16459 471 240O17_region_G3_206516_17_Forward_Primer 206482 206506 472 240O17_region_G3_206516_17_Reverse_Primer 206635 206616 473 240O17_region_G3_264495_13_Forward_Primer 264423 264447 474 240O17_region_G3_264495_13_Reverse_Primer 264577 264553 475 240O17_region_G3_156785_13_Forward_Primer 156713 156737 476 240O17_region_G3_156785_13_Reverse_Primer 156868 156844 477 240O17_region_G3_187129_12_Forward_Primer 187068 187092 478 240O17_region_G3_187129_12_Reverse_Primer 187223 187199 479 240O17_region_G3_214106_13_Forward_Primer 214042 214067 480 240O17_region_G3_214106_13_Reverse_Primer 214197 214173 481 240O17_region_G3_149013_12_Forward_Primer 148898 148922 482 240O17_region_G3_149013_12_Reverse_Primer 149053 149027 483 240O17_region_G3_326352_16_Forward_Primer 326311 326335 484 240O17_region_G3_326352_16_Reverse_Primer 326467 326443 485 240O17_region_G3_278962_12_Forward_Primer 278933 278957 486 240O17_region_G3_278962_12_Reverse_Primer 279089 279065 487 240O17_region_G3_256930_13_Forward_Primer 256850 256874 488 240O17_region_G3_256930_13_Reverse_Primer 257006 256982 489 240O17_region_G3_29646_14_Forward_Primer 29589 29613 490 240O17_region_G3_29646_14_Reverse_Primer 29746 29721 491 240O17_region_G3_29618_13_Forward_Primer 29589 29613 492 40O17_region_G3_29618_13_Reverse_Primer 29746 29721 493 240O17_region_G3_108561_14_Forward_Primer 108518 108542 494 240O17_region_G3_108561_14_Reverse_Primer 108675 108651 495 240O17_region_G3_143975_14_Forward_Primer 143939 143964 496 240O17_region_G3_143975_14_Reverse_Primer 144096 144072 497 240O17_region_G3_108431_20_Forward_Primer 108362 108386 498 240O17_region_G3_108431_20_Reverse_Primer 108520 108497 499 240O17_region_G3_281764_11_Forward_Primer 281645 281669 500 240O17_region_G3_281764_11_Reverse_Primer 281803 281779 501 240O17_region_G3_130058_15_Forward_Primer 129994 130018 502 240O17_region_G3_130058_15_Reverse_Primer 130153 130129 503 240O17_region_G3_310590_52_Forward_Primer 310533 310557 504 240O17_region_G3_310590_52_Reverse_Primer 310692 310668 505 240O17_region_G3_313405_14_Forward_Primer 313345 313369 506 240O17_region_G3_313405_14_Reverse_Primer 313505 313481 507 240O17_region_G3_302190_13_Forward_Primer 302093 302119 508 240O17_region_G3_302190_13_Reverse_Primer 302253 302229 509 240O17_region_G3_225343_17_Forward_Primer 225315 225338 510 240O17_region_G3_225343_17_Reverse_Primer 225475 225451 511 240O17_region_G3_208823_14_Forward_Primer 208760 208784 512 240O17_region_G3_208823_14_Reverse_Primer 208921 208897 513 240O17_region_G3_74285_11_Forward_Primer 74220 74244 514 240O17_region_G3_74285_11_Reverse_Primer 74382 74358 515 240O17_region_G3_109052_16_Forward_Primer 108999 109023 516 240O17_region_G3_109052_16_Reverse_Primer 109161 109137 517 240O17_region_G3_6395_12_Forward_Primer 6285 6309 518 240O17_region_G3_6395_12_Reverse_Primer 6447 6423 519 240O17_region_G3_244905_16_Forward_Primer 244865 244890 520 240O17_region_G3_244905_16_Reverse_Primer 245028 245004 521 240O17_region_G3_244956_13_Forward_Primer 244865 244890 522 240O17_region_G3_244956_13_Reverse_Primer 245028 245004 523 240O17_region_G3_117220_13_Forward_Primer 117175 117199 524 240O17_region_G3_117220_13_Reverse_Primer 117339 117315 525 240O17_region_G3_134707_14_Forward_Primer 134584 134608 526 240O17_region_G3_134707_14_Reverse_Primer 134749 134725 527 240O17_region_G3_35078_13_Forward_Primer 34990 35013 528 240O17_region_G3_35078_13_Reverse_Primer 35157 35133 529 240O17_region_G3_210506_16_Forward_Primer 210477 210501 530 240O17_region_G3_210506_16_Reverse_Primer 210644 210620 531 240O17_region_G3_116961_26_Forward_Primer 116885 116909 532 240O17_region_G3_116961_26_Reverse_Primer 117053 117029 533 240O17_region_G3_51073_13_Forward_Primer 50979 51003 534 240O17_region_G3_51073_13_Reverse_Primer 51147 51123 535 240O17_region_G3_55291_15_Forward_Primer 55164 55188 536 240O17_region_G3_55291_15_Reverse_Primer 55333 55309 537 240O17_region_G3_229651_18_Forward_Primer 229615 229639 538 240O17_region_G3_229651_18_Reverse_Primer 229784 229760 539 240O17_region_G3_303308_19_Forward_Primer 303284 303307 540 240O17_region_G3_303308_19_Reverse_Primer 303454 303429 541 240O17_region_G3_168373_20_Forward_Primer 168262 168286 542 240O17_region_G3_168373_20_Reverse_Primer 168432 168408 543 240O17_region_G3_253333_17_Forward_Primer 253257 253281 544 240O17_region_G3_253333_17_Reverse_Primer 253428 253404 545 240O17_region_G3_5791_13_Forward_Primer 5766 5790 546 240O17_region_G3_5791_13_Reverse_Primer 5937 5912 547 240O17_region_G3_206841_19_Forward_Primer 206821 206840 548 240O17_region_G3_206841_19_Reverse_Primer 206993 206969 549 240O17_region_G3_202827_12_Forward_Primer 202782 202806 550 240O17_region_G3_202827_12_Reverse_Primer 202956 202932 551 240O17_region_G3_322656_13_Forward_Primer 322572 322598 552 240O17_region_G3_322656_13_Reverse_Primer 322748 322724 553 240O17_region_G3_111841_14_Forward_Primer 111709 111733 554 240O17_region_G3_111841_14_Reverse_Primer 111886 111861 555 240O17_region_G3_192719_13_Forward_Primer 192589 192613 556 240O17_region_G3_192719_13_Reverse_Primer 192767 192743 557 240O17_region_G3_195630_17_Forward_Primer 195490 195514 558 240O17_region_G3_195630_17_Reverse_Primer 195672 195648 559 240O17_region_G3_69999_13_Forward_Primer 69858 69881 560 240O17_region_G3_69999_13_Reverse_Primer 70040 70016 561 240O17_region_G3_11176_13_Forward_Primer 11060 11084 562 240O17_region_G3_11176_13_Reverse_Primer 11243 11219 563 240O17_region_G3_228643_13_Forward_Primer 228529 228553 564 240O17_region_G3_228643_13_Reverse_Primer 228713 228689 565 240O17_region_G3_88478_19_Forward_Primer 88378 88402 566 240O17_region_G3_88478_19_Reverse_Primer 88562 88538 567 240O17_region_G3_108950_13_Forward_Primer 108838 108858 568 240O17_region_G3_108950_13_Reverse_Primer 109023 108998 569 240O17_region_G3_121054_14_Forward_Primer 120911 120935 570 240O17_region_G3_121054_14_Reverse_Primer 121096 121072 571 240O17_region_G3_188337_14_Forward_Primer 188204 188228 572 240O17_region_G3_188337_14_Reverse_Primer 191544 191520 572 240O17_region_G3_188337_14_Reverse_Primer 188391 188367 573 240O17_region_G3_255944_21_Forward_Primer 255879 255903 574 240O17_region_G3_255944_21_Reverse_Primer 256068 256044 575 240O17_region_G3_219518_14_Forward_Primer 219420 219444 576 240O17_region_G3_219518_14_Reverse_Primer 219609 219585 577 240O17_region_G3_235601_15_Forward_Primer 235483 235507 578 240O17_region_G3_235601_15_Reverse_Primer 235673 235649 579 240O17_region_G3_301529_13_Forward_Primer 301498 301522 580 240O17_region_G3_301529_13_Reverse_Primer 301689 301665 581 240O17_region_G3_94795_14_Forward_Primer 94735 94756 582 240O17_region_G3_94795_14_Reverse_Primer 94929 94905 583 240O17_region_G3_46703_23_Forward_Primer 46676 46700 584 240O17_region_G3_46703_23_Reverse_Primer 46870 46846 585 240O17_region_G3_59616_14_Forward_Primer 59539 59563 586 240O17_region_G3_59616_14_Reverse_Primer 59738 59714 587 240O17_region_G3_296933_15_Forward_Primer 296908 296932 588 240O17_region_G3_296933_15_Reverse_Primer 297113 297089 589 240O17_region_G3_192428_17_Forward_Primer 192402 192426 590 240O17_region_G3_192428_17_Reverse_Primer 192613 192589 591 240O17_region_G3_191490_14_Forward_Primer 191332 191356 592 240O17_region_G3_191490_14_Reverse_Primer 191544 191520 593 240O17_region_G3_201115_11_Forward_Primer 200994 201018 594 240O17_region_G3_201115_11_Reverse_Primer 201214 201189 595 240O17_region_G3_72882_15_Forward_Primer 72848 72874 596 240O17_region_G3_72882_15_Reverse_Primer 73068 73042 597 240O17_region_G3_69514_13_Forward_Primer 69411 69437 598 240O17_region_G3_69514_13_Reverse_Primer 69632 69608 599 240O17_region_G3_37699_47_Forward_Primer 37601 37625 600 240O17_region_G3_37699_47_Reverse_Primer 37827 37802 601 240O17_region_G3_11301_29_Forward_Primer 11274 11300 602 240O17_region_G3_11301_29_Reverse_Primer 11501 11477 603 240O17_region_G3_141875_12_Forward_Primer 141729 141750 604 240O17_region_G3_141875_12_Reverse_Primer 141964 141939 605 240O17_region_G3_98090_18_Forward_Primer 98037 98062 606 240O17_region_G3_98090_18_Reverse_Primer 98274 98250 607 240O17_region_G3_43298_35_Forward_Primer 43144 43168 608 240O17_region_G3_43298_35_Reverse_Primer 43387 43363 609 240O17_region_G3_262094_11_Forward_Primer 261989 262014 610 240O17_region_G3_262094_11_Reverse_Primer 262236 262211 611 240O17_region_G3_262079_15_Forward_Primer 261989 262014 612 240O17_region_G3_262079_15_Reverse_Primer 262236 262211 613 240O17_region_G3_59090_12_Forward_Primer 58986 59012 614 240O17_region_G3_59090_12_Reverse_Primer 59248 59224 615 240O17_region_G3_245723_13_Forward_Primer 245502 245526 616 240O17_region_G3_245723_13_Reverse_Primer 245766 245742 617 240O17_region_G3_194628_54_Forward_Primer 194581 194607 618 240O17_region_G3_194628_54_Reverse_Primer 194846 194822 619 240O17_region_G3_4566_16_Forward_Primer 4455 4479 620 240O17_region_G3_4566_16_Reverse_Primer 4722 4696 621 240O17_region_G3_96209_14_Forward_Primer 96119 96143 622 240O17_region_G3_96209_14_Reverse_Primer 96392 96368 623 240O17_region_G3_248715_17_Forward_Primer 248633 248657 624 240O17_region_G3_248715_17_Reverse_Primer 248906 248882 625 240O17_region_G3_71410_40_Forward_Primer 71357 71379 626 240O17_region_G3_71410_40_Reverse_Primer 71636 71611 627 240O17_region_G3_226519_13_Forward_Primer 226315 226339 628 240O17_region_G3_226519_13_Reverse_Primer 226598 226574 629 240O17_region_G3_11282_19_Forward_Primer 11217 11242 630 240O17_region_G3_11282_19_Reverse_Primer 11501 11477 631 240O17_region_G3_170504_12_Forward_Primer 170409 170433 632 240O17_region_G3_170504_12_Reverse_Primer 170694 170671 633 240O17_region_G3_40864_14_Forward_Primer 40652 40678 634 240O17_region_G3_40864_14_Reverse_Primer 40938 40912 635 240O17_region_G3_13529_14_Forward_Primer 13332 13356 636 240O17_region_G3_13529_14_Reverse_Primer 13622 13598 637 240O17_region_G3_22858_14_Forward_Primer 22675 22699 638 240O17_region_G3_22858_14_Reverse_Primer 22966 22942 639 240O17_region_G3_309211_13_Forward_Primer 309092 309118 640 240O17_region_G3_309211_13_Reverse_Primer 309383 309358 641 240O17_region_G3_55568_26_Forward_Primer 55375 55399 642 240O17_region_G3_55568_26_Reverse_Primer 55667 55642 643 240O17_region_G3_73238_16_Forward_Primer 73043 73069 644 240O17_region_G3_73238_16_Reverse_Primer 73342 73318 645 240O17_region_G3_352488_19_Forward_Primer 52413 52437 646 240O17_region_G3_52488_19_Reverse_Primer 52712 52688 647 318O13_region_A3_471518_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 471464 471488 648 318O13_region_A3_471518_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 471567 471541 649 318O13_region_A3_231599_23_Forward_Primer_Seq 231568 231592 650 318O13_region_A3_231599_23_Reverse_Primer_Seq 231672 231651 651 318O13_region_A3_375912_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 375845 375865 652 318O13_region_A3_375912_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 375954 375932 653 318O13_region_A3_180013_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 179951 179974 654 318O13_region_A3_180013_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 180060 180038 655 318O13_region_A3_171606_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 171545 171569 656 318O13_region_A3_171606_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 171657 171633 657 318O13_region_A3_416256_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 416180 416203 658 318O13_region_A3_416256_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 416293 416269 659 318O13_region_A3_231395_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 231339 231363 660 318O13_region_A3_231395_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 231461 231438 661 318O13_region_A3_5502_47_Forward_Primer_Seq 5461 5485 662 318O13_region_A3_5502_47_Reverse_Primer_Seq 5585 5561 663 318O13_region_A3_93061_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 92988 93012 664 318O13_region_A3_93061_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 93112 93090 665 318O13_region_A3_111684_19_Forward_Primer_Seq 111646 111670 666 318O13_region_A3_111684_19_Reverse_Primer_Seq 111772 111748 667 318O13_region_A3_69328_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 69246 69269 668 318O13_region_A3_69328_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 69373 69349 669 318O13_region_A3_36529_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 36488 36512 670 318O13_region_A3_36529_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 36617 36593 671 318O13_region_A3_139128_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 139043 139067 672 318O13_region_A3_139128_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 139174 139150 673 318O13_region_A3_495674_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 495592 495616 674 318O13_region_A3_495674_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 495723 495699 675 318O13_region_A3_187577_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 187482 187506 676 318O13_region_A3_187577_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 187613 187590 677 318O13_region_A3_453036_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 452999 453023 678 318O13_region_A3_453036_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 453132 453108 679 318O13_region_A3_374041_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 373964 373988 680 318O13_region_A3_374041_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 374097 374073 681 318O13_region_A3_3412_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 3319 3341 682 318O13_region_A3_3412_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 3454 3430 683 318O13_region_A3_276495_28_Forward_Primer_Seq 276462 276485 684 318O13_region_A3_276495_28_Reverse_Primer_Seq 276598 276574 685 318O13_region_A3_151839_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 151744 151768 686 318O13_region_A3_151839_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 151882 151858 687 318O13_region_A3_292912_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 292875 292899 688 318O13_region_A3_292912_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 293014 292990 689 318O13_region_A3_104560_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 104464 104488 690 318O13_region_A3_104560_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 104604 104580 691 318O13_region_A3_65193_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 65155 65179 692 318O13_region_A3_65193_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 65295 65271 693 318O13_region_A3_110573_70_Forward_Primer_Seq 110533 110559 694 318O13_region_A3_110573_70_Reverse_Primer_Seq 110674 110648 695 318O13_region_A3_65117_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 65034 65058 696 318O13_region_A3_65117_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 65177 65153 697 318O13_region_A3_490837_16_Forward_Primer_Seq 490762 490786 698 318O13_region_A3_490837_16_Reverse_Primer_Seq 490905 490881 699 318O13_region_A3_107448_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 107385 107411 700 318O13_region_A3_107448_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 107529 107505 701 318O13_region_A3_331_23_Forward_Primer_Seq 276 301 702 318O13_region_A3_331_23_Reverse_Primer_Seq 421 397 703 318O13_region_A3_193470_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 193444 193468 704 318O13_region_A3_193470_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 193589 193565 705 318O13_region_A3_183305_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 183239 183263 706 318O13_region_A3_183305_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 183384 183360 707 318O13_region_A3_55050_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 54998 55022 708 318O13_region_A3_55050_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 55144 55120 709 318O13_region_A3_224693_21_Forward_Primer_Seq 224656 224682 710 318O13_region_A3_224693_21_Reverse_Primer_Seq 224803 224779 711 318O13_region_A3_207216_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 207152 207176 712 318O13_region_A3_207216_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 207299 207276 713 318O13_region_A3_4654_22_Forward_Primer_Seq 4612 4636 714 318O13_region_A3_4654_22_Reverse_Primer_Seq 4760 4736 715 318O13_region_A3_408959_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 408918 408942 716 318O13_region_A3_408959_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 409066 409042 717 318O13_region_A3_132288_22_Forward_Primer_Seq 132192 132216 718 318O13_region_A3_132288_22_Reverse_Primer_Seq 132340 132316 719 318O13_region_A3_292822_20_Forward_Primer_Seq 292747 292771 720 318O13_region_A3_292822_20_Reverse_Primer_Seq 292895 292871 721 318O13_region_A3_311076_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 311027 311051 722 318O13_region_A3_311076_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 311175 311152 723 318O13_region_A3_509623_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 509584 509608 724 318O13_region_A3_509623_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 509732 509708 725 318O13_region_A3_190404_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 190358 190382 726 318O13_region_A3_190404_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 190506 190482 727 318O13_region_A3_164916_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 164808 164832 728 318O13_region_A3_164916_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 164957 164933 729 318O13_region_A3_21028_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 21001 21026 730 318O13_region_A3_21028_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 21150 21126 731 318O13_region_A3_208012_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 207955 207979 732 318O13_region_A3_208012_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 208104 208085 733 318O13_region_A3_484089_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 484036 484060 734 318O13_region_A3_484089_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 484185 484161 735 318O13_region_A3_332780_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 332723 332747 736 318O13_region_A3_332780_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 332872 332853 737 318O13_region_A3_480137_37_Forward_Primer_Seq 480059 480084 738 318O13_region_A3_480137_37_Reverse_Primer_Seq 480208 480182 739 318O13_region_A3_441056_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 441011 441035 740 318O13_region_A3_441056_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 441161 441138 741 318O13_region_A3_77486_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 77447 77471 742 318O13_region_A3_77486_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 77597 77573 743 318O13_region_A3_272468_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 272423 272447 744 318O13_region_A3_272468_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 272573 272549 745 318O13_region_A3_425319_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 425233 425257 746 318O13_region_A3_425319_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 425383 425359 747 318O13_region_A3_413879_31_Forward_Primer_Seq 413835 413859 748 318O13_region_A3_413879_31_Reverse_Primer_Seq 413985 413961 749 318O13_region_A3_80477_64_Forward_Primer_Seq 80440 80464 750 318O13_region_A3_80477_64_Reverse_Prime_Seq 80591 80567 751 318O13_region_A3_277272_50_Forward_Primer_Seq 277213 277237 752 318O13_region_A3_277272_50_Reverse_Primer_Seq 277364 277340 753 318O13_region_A3_509642_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 509604 509628 754 318O13_region_A3_509642_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 509755 509731 755 318O13_region_A3_321771_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 321663 321687 756 318O13_region_A3_321771_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 321815 321791 757 318O13_region_A3_26788_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 26734 26758 758 318O13_region_A3_26788_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 26886 26862 759 318O13_region_A3_262706_16_Forward_Primer_Seq 262649 262673 760 318O13_region_A3_262706_16_Reverse_Primer_Seq 262802 262778 761 318O13_region_A3_243928_16_Forward_Primer_Seq 243891 243915 762 318O13_region_A3_243928_16_Reverse_Primer_Seq 244044 244020 763 318O13_region_A3_23246_148_Forward_Primer_Seq 23215 23239 764 318O13_region_A3_23246_148_Reverse_Primer_Seq 23368 23344 765 318O13_region_A3_165406_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 165367 165391 766 318O13_region_A3_165406_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 165521 165497 767 318O13_region_A3_486294_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 486208 486232 768 318O13_region_A3_486294_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 486362 486338 769 318O13_region_A3_46754_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 46661 46685 770 318O13_region_A3_46754_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 46816 46792 771 318O13_region_A3_381116_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 381080 381104 772 318O13_region_A3_381116_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 381235 381211 773 318O13_region_A3_350369_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 350295 350319 774 318O13_region_A3_350369_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 350450 350426 775 318O13_region_A3_138841_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 138795 138819 776 318O13_region_A3_138841_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 138950 138926 777 318O13_region_A3_12158_142_Forward_Primer_Seq 12117 12141 778 318O13_region_A3_12158_142_Reverse_Primer_Seq 12272 12248 779 318O13_region_A3_315368_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 315310 315334 780 318O13_region_A3_315368_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 315465 315441 781 318O13_region_A3_307549_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 307464 307488 782 318O13_region_A3_307549_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 307619 307595 783 318O13_region_A3_159857_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 159772 159796 784 318O13_region_A3_159857_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 159928 159904 785 318O13_region_A3_140551_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 140454 140478 786 318O13_region_A3_140551_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 140610 140586 787 318O13_region_A3_279869_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 279797 279821 788 318O13_region_A3_279869_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 279953 279929 789 318O13_region_A3_78292_35_Forward_Primer_Seq 78265 78291 790 318O13_region_A3_78292_35_Reverse_Primer_Seq 78422 78397 791 318O13_region_A3_185019_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 184953 184977 792 318O13_region_A3_185019_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 185111 185087 793 318O13_region_A3_409164_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 409082 409106 794 318O13_region_A3_409164_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 409240 409219 795 318O13_region_A3_75392_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 75287 75311 796 318O13_region_A3_75392_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 75445 75421 797 318O13_region_A3_231320_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 231269 231293 798 318O13_region_A3_231320_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 231429 231405 799 318O13_region_A3_381102_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 381041 381064 800 318O13_region_A3_381102_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 381201 381176 801 318O13_region_A3_491826_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 491753 491777 802 318O13_region_A3_491826_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 491914 491891 803 318O13_region_A3_56365_21_Forward_Primer_Seq 56336 56360 804 318O13_region_A3_56365_21_Reverse_Primer_Seq 56497 56473 805 318O13_region_A3_372628_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 372554 372578 806 318O13_region_A3_372628_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 372715 372691 807 318O13_region_A3_217037_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 216919 216943 808 318O13_region_A3_217037_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 217081 217057 809 318O13_region_A3_302609_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 302575 302599 810 318O13_region_A3_302609_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 302737 302713 811 318O13_region_A3_341804_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 341686 341710 812 318O13_region_A3_341804_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 341848 341824 807 318O13_region_A3_217037_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 216919 216943 808 318O13_region_A3_217037_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 217081 217057 813 318O13_region_A3_264929_68_Forward_Primer_Seq 264862 264886 814 318O13_region_A3_264929_68_Reverse_Primer_Seq 265024 265000 815 318O13_region_A3_55499_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 55400 55424 816 318O13_region_A3_55499_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 55563 55539 817 318O13_region_A3_295634_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 295538 295562 818 318O13_region_A3_295634_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 295702 295677 819 318O13_region_A3_269358_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 269242 269266 820 318O13_region_A3_269358_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 269406 269382 821 318O13_region_A3_457009_24_Forward_Primer_Seq 456924 456948 822 318O13_region_A3_457009_24_Reverse_Primer_Seq 457088 457064 823 318O13_region_A3_176598_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 176554 176578 824 318O13_region_A3_176598_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 176718 176694 825 318O13_region_A3_278266_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 278210 278234 826 318O13_region_A3_278266_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 278376 278350 827 318O13_region_A3_391810_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 391683 391707 828 318O13_region_A3_391810_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 391851 391826 829 318O13_region_A3_269485_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 269383 269407 830 318O13_region_A3_269485_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 269551 269527 831 318O13_region_A3_359247_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 359218 359243 832 318O13_region_A3_359247_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 359386 359362 833 318O13_region_A3_315094_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 314976 315002 834 318O13_region_A3_315094_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 315145 315120 835 318O13_region_A3_307823_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 307784 307809 836 318O13_region_A3_307823_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 307953 307927 837 318O13_region_A3_248588_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 248540 248564 838 318O13_region_A3_248588_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 248709 248684 839 318O13_region_A3_252426_85_Forward_Primer_Seq 252398 252423 840 318O13_region_A3_252426_85_Reverse_Primer_Seq 252568 252543 841 318O13_region_A3_513314_16_Forward_Primer_Seq 513209 513233 842 318O13_region_A3_513314_16_Reverse_Primer_Seq 513379 513355 843 318O13_region_A3_68183_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 68108 68132 844 318O13_region_A3_68183_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 68279 68255 845 318O13_region_A3_471191_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 471059 471083 846 318O13_region_A3_471191_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 471231 471206 847 318O13_region_A3_163547_18_Forward_Primer_Seq 163459 163483 848 318O13_region_A3_163547_18_Reverse_Primer_Seq 163632 163608 849 318O13_region_A3_417867_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 417839 417863 850 318O13_region_A3_417867_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 418014 417990 851 318O13_region_A3_332465_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 332346 332370 852 318O13_region_A3_332465_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 332523 332499 853 318O13_region_A3_207697_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 207578 207602 854 318O13_region_A3_207697_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 207755 207731 855 318O13_region_A3_277229_43_Forward_Primer_Seq 277186 277210 856 318O13_region_A3_277229_43_Reverse_Primer_Seq 277364 277340 857 318O13_region_A3_36366_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 36323 36345 858 318O13_region_A3_36366_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 36501 36477 859 318O13_region_A3_91970_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 91938 91962 860 318O13_region_A3_91970_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 92116 92091 861 318O13_region_A3_211533_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 211406 211430 862 318O13_region_A3_211533_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 211585 211561 863 318O13_region_A3_336301_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 336174 336198 864 318O13_region_A3_336301_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 336353 336329 865 318O13_region_A3_441603_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 441539 441563 866 318O13_region_A3_441603_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 441718 441694 867 318O13_region_A3_468354_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 468263 468287 868 318O13_region_A3_468354_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 468442 468418 869 318O13_region_A3_188983_18_Forward_Primer_Seq 188855 188879 870 318O13_region_A3_188983_18_Reverse_Primer_Seq 189035 189009 871 318O13_region_A3_115502_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 115469 115493 872 318O13_region_A3_115502_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 115649 115625 873 318O13_region_A3_163006_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 162972 162996 874 318O13_region_A3_163006_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 163153 163129 875 318O13_region_A3_119283_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 119199 119224 876 318O13_region_A3_119283_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 119381 119357 877 318O13_region_A3_491126_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 491062 491086 878 318O13_region_A3_491126_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 491244 491220 879 318O13_region_A3_99512_21_Forward_Primer_Seq 99398 99422 880 318O13_region_A3_99512_21_Reverse_Primer_Seq 99581 99557 881 318O13_region_A3_280291_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 280201 280226 882 318O13_region_A3_280291_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 280385 280361 883 318O13_region_A3_138443_19_Forward_Primer_Seq 138304 138329 884 318O13_region_A3_138443_19_Reverse_Primer_Seq 138488 138465 885 318O13_region_A3_115973_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 115832 115856 886 318O13_region_A3_115973_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 116016 115992 887 318O13_region_A3_329977_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 329864 329889 888 318O13_region_A3_329977_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 330050 330026 889 318O13_region_A3_205203_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 205090 205115 890 318O13_region_A3_205203_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 205276 205252 891 318O13_region_A3_153114_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 152969 152993 892 318O13_region_A3_153114_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 153156 153132 893 318O13_region_A3_34581_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 34523 34547 894 318O13_region_A3_34581_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 34712 34688 895 318O13_region_A3_292577_19_Forward_Primer_Seq 292549 292573 896 318O13_region_A3_292577_19_Reverse_Primer_Seq 292739 292715 897 318O13_region_A3_445391_20_Forward_Primer_Seq 445356 445382 898 318O13_region_A3_445391_20_Reverse_Primer_Seq 445547 445523 899 318O13_region_A3_350540_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 350421 350445 900 318O13_region_A3_350540_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 350612 350588 901 318O13_region_A3_453879_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 453725 453750 902 318O13_region_A3_453879_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 453918 453894 903 318O13_region_A3_201246_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 201128 201153 904 318O13_region_A3_201246_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 201321 201297 905 318O13_region_A3_326020_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 325902 325927 906 318O13_region_A3_326020_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 326095 326071 907 318O13_region_A3_503801_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 503656 503680 908 318O13_region_A3_503801_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 503849 503823 909 318O13_region_A3_302400_52_Forward_Primer_Seq 302283 302307 910 318O13_region_A3_302400_52_Reverse_Primer_Seq 302481 302456 911 318O13_region_A3_448857_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 448748 448772 912 318O13_region_A3_448857_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 448947 448924 913 318O13_region_A3_48364_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 48232 48256 914 318O13_region_A3_48364_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 48435 48412 915 318O13_region_A3_251804_48_Forward_Primer_Seq 251738 251762 916 318O13_region_A3_251804_48_Reverse_Primer_Seq 251942 251918 917 318O13_region_A3_382583_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 382549 382574 918 318O13_region_A3_382583_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 382753 382728 919 318O13_region_A3_124737_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 124641 124665 920 318O13_region_A3_124737_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 124846 124822 921 318O13_region_A3_124766_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 124641 124665 922 318O13_region_A3_124766_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 124846 124822 923 318O13_region_A3_461351_16_Forward_Primer_Seq 461218 461242 924 318O13_region_A3_461351_16_Reverse_Primer_Seq 461426 461402 925 318O13_region_A3_64953_19_Forward_Primer_Seq 64798 64823 926 318O13_region_A3_64953_19_Reverse_Primer_Seq 65011 64987 927 318O13_region_A3_366586_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 366508 366532 928 318O13_region_A3_366586_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 366722 366698 929 318O13_region_A3_46190_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 46012 46037 930 318O13_region_A3_46190_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 46228 46205 931 318O13_region_A3_81016_11_Forward_Primer_Seq 80927 80952 932 318O13_region_A3_81016_11_Reverse_Primer_Seq 81146 81122 933 318O13_region_A3_134426_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 134253 134277 934 318O13_region_A3_134426_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 134474 134449 935 318O13_region_A3_292724_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 292549 292573 936 318O13_region_A3_292724_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 292771 292747 937 318O13_region_A3_187096_17_Forward_Primer_Seq 187058 187082 938 318O13_region_A3_187096_17_Reverse_Primer_Seq 187282 187257 939 318O13_region_A3_381693_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 381658 381683 940 318O13_region_A3_381693_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 381885 381863 941 318O13_region_A3_361286_33_Forward_Primer_Seq 361173 361197 942 318O13_region_A3_361286_33_Reverse_Primer_Seq 361401 361376 943 318O13_region_A3_482668_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 482592 482616 944 318O13_region_A3_482668_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 482821 482796 945 318O13_region_A3_128002_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 127882 127906 946 318O13_region_A3_128002_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 128112 128087 947 318O13_region_A3_499270_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 499184 499208 948 318O13_region_A3_499270_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 499422 499398 949 318O13_region_A3_231650_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 231568 231592 950 318O13_region_A3_231650_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 231809 231788 951 318O13_region_A3_199851_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 199762 199786 952 318O13_region_A3_199851_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 200012 199988 953 318O13_region_A3_324629_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 324540 324564 954 318O13_region_A3_324629_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 324790 324766 955 318O13_region_A3_374190_19_Forward_Primer_Seq 374129 374152 956 318O13_region_A3_374190_19_Reverse_Primer_Seq 374394 374370 957 318O13_region_A3_460603_13_Forward_Primer_Seq 460450 460474 958 318O13_region_A3_460603_13_Reverse_Primer_Seq 460715 460691 959 318O13_region_A3_108681_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 108524 108548 960 318O13_region_A3_108681_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 108791 108768 961 318O13_region_A3_459791_47_Forward_Primer_Seq 459639 459663 962 318O13_region_A3_459791_47_Reverse_Primer_Seq 459907 459883 963 318O13_region_A3_4257_20_Forward_Primer_Seq 4172 4196 964 318O13_region_A3_4257_20_Reverse_Primer_Seq 4450 4425 965 318O13_region_A3_238810_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 238563 238589 966 318O13_region_A3_238810_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 238850 238826 967 318O13_region_A3_245817_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 245713 245738 968 318O13_region_A3_245817_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 246001 245977 969 318O13_region_A3_245956_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 245713 245738 970 318O13_region_A3_245956_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 246001 245977 971 318O13_region_A3_74148_14_Forward_Primer_Seq 74050 74075 972 318O13_region_A3_74148_14_Reverse_Primer_Seq 74338 74314 973 318O13_region_A3_74089_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 74050 74075 974 318O13_region_A3_74089_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 74338 74314 975 318O13_region_A3_241686_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 241470 241494 976 318O13_region_A3_241686_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 241765 241741 977 318O13_region_A3_47476_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 47280 47304 978 318O13_region_A3_47476_127_Reverse_Primer_Seq 47577 47554 979 318O13_region_A3_164550_12_Forward_Primer_Seq 164323 164347 980 318O13_region_A3_164550_12_Reverse_Primer_Seq 164621 164598 981 318O13_region_A3_101255_15_Forward_Primer_Seq 101119 101144 982 318O13_region_A3_101255_15_Reverse_Primer_Seq 101418 101392 983 515O02_region_G2_16189_11_Forward_Primer 16144 16168 984 515O02_region_G2_16189_11_Reverse_Primer 16244 16220 985 515O02_region_G2_71925_13_Forward_Primer 71880 71905 986 515O02_region_G2_71925_13_Reverse_Primer 71987 71963 987 515O02_region_G2_4707_12_Forward_Primer 4660 4684 988 515O02_region_G2_4707_12_Reverse_Primer 4769 4743 989 515O02_region_G2_118904_18_Forward_Primer 118847 118871 990 515O02_region_G2_118904_18_Reverse_Primer 118957 118932 991 515O02_region_G2_13655_17_Forward_Primer 13567 13592 992 515O02_region_G2_13655_17_Reverse_Primer 13698 13673 993 515O02_region_G2_53900_13_Forward_Primer 53843 53867 994 515O02_region_G2_53900_13_Reverse_Primer 53985 53961 995 515O02_region_G2_8079_14_Forward_Primer 8023 8047 996 515O02_region_G2_8079_14_Reverse_Primer 8167 8143 997 515O02_region_G2_9969_28_Forward_Primer 9917 9941 998 515O02_region_G2_9969_28_Reverse_Primer 10062 10038 999 515O02_region_G2_72308_77_Forward_Primer 72272 72298 1000 515O02_region_G2_72308_77_Reverse_Primer 10062 10038 1001 515O02_region_G2_99475_19_Forward_Primer 99408 99433 1002 515O02_region_G2_99475_19_Reverse_Primer 99554 99530 1003 515O02_region_G2_118615_18_Forward_Primer 118512 118535 1004 515O02_region_G2_118615_18_Reverse_Primer 118658 118634 1005 515O02_region_G2_119001_46_Forward_Primer 118931 118956 1006 515O02_region_G2_119001_46_Reverse_Primer 119079 119055 1007 515O02_region_G2_118958_43_Forward_Primer 118931 118956 1008 515O02_region_G2_118958_43_Reverse_Primer 119079 119055 1009 515O02_region_G2_17197_13_Forward_Primer 17128 17152 1010 515O02_region_G2_17197_13_Reverse_Primer 17276 17252 1011 515O02_region_G2_105163_29_Forward_Primer 105068 105092 1012 515O02_region_G2_105163_29_Reverse_Primer 105217 105192 1013 515O02_region_G2_111335_13_Forward_Primer 111308 111332 1014 515O02_region_G2_111335_13_Reverse_Primer 111458 111434 1015 515O02_region_G2_106396_13_Forward_Primer 106318 106342 1016 515O02_region_G2_106396_13_Reverse_Primer 106469 106445 1017 515O02_region_G2_59229_17_Forward_Primer 59203 59227 1018 515O02_region_G2_59229_17_Reverse_Primer 59354 59330 1019 515O02_region_G2_73795_20_Forward_Primer 73769 73793 1020 515O02_region_G2_73795_20_Reverse_Primer 73921 73896 1021 515O02_region_G2_85664_20_Forward_Primer 85586 85611 1022 515O02_region_G2_85664_20_Reverse_Primer 85738 85714 1023 515O02_region_G2_36921_17_Forward_Primer 36830 36854 1024 515O02_region_G2_36921_17_Reverse_Primer 36983 36959 1025 515O02_region_G2_124150_19_Forward_Primer 124073 124096 1026 515O02_region_G2_124150_19_Reverse_Primer 124227 124203 1027 515O02_region_G2_5089_14_Forward_Primer 4999 5024 1028 515O02_region_G2_5089_14_Reverse_Primer 5156 5132 1029 515O02_region_G2_58221_15_Forward_Primer 58197 58220 1030 515O02_region_G2_58221_15_Reverse_Primer 58354 58330 1031 515O02_region_G2_96139_14_Forward_Primer 96022 96046 1032 515O02_region_G2_96139_14_Reverse_Primer 96182 96158 1033 515O02_region_G2_70595_13_Forward_Primer 70472 70496 1034 515O02_region_G2_70595_13_Reverse_Primer 70634 70608 1035 515O02_region_G2_4340_15_Forward_Primer 4312 4337 1036 515O02_region_G2_4340_15_Reverse_Primer 4477 4454 1037 515O02_region_G2_90417_11_Forward_Primer 90335 90359 1038 515O02_region_G2_90417_11_Reverse_Primer 90503 90479 1039 515O02_region_G2_49711_17_Forward_Primer 49652 49676 1040 515O02_region_G2_49711_17_Reverse_Primer 49820 49796 1041 515O02_region_G2_63053_13_Forward_Primer 63005 63029 1042 515O02_region_G2_63053_13_Reverse_Primer 63173 63148 1043 515O02_region_G2_63076_14_Forward_Primer 63005 63029 1044 515O02_region_G2_63076_14_Reverse_Primer 63173 63148 1045 515O02_region_G2_44442_12_Forward_Primer 44335 44359 1046 515O02_region_G2_44442_12_Reverse_Primer 44505 44481 1047 515O02_region_G2_44422_19_Forward_Primer 44335 44359 1048 515O02_region_G2_44422_19_Reverse_Primer 44505 44481 1049 515O02_region_G2_44158_19_Forward_Primer 44075 44100 1050 515O02_region_G2_44158_19_Reverse_Primer 44252 44227 1051 515O02_region_G2_44141_17_Forward_Primer 44075 44100 1052 515O02_region_G2_44141_17_Reverse_Primer 44252 44227 1053 515O02_region_G2_90762_17_Forward_Primer 90637 90663 1054 515O02_region_G2_90762_17_Reverse_Primer 90814 90790 1055 515O02_region_G2_106241_14_Forward_Primer 106160 106184 1056 515O02_region_G2_106241_14_Reverse_Primer 106341 106317 1057 515O02_region_G2_109676_12_Forward_Primer 109609 109634 1058 515O02_region_G3_109676_12_Reverse_Primer 109793 109768 1059 515O02_region_G2_86242_14_Forward_Primer 86134 86158 1060 515O02_region_G2_86242_14_Reverse_Primer 86318 86293 1061 515O02_region_G2_83109_12_Forward_Primer 83017 83041 1062 515O02_region_G2_83109_12_Reverse_Primer 83202 83178 1063 515O02_region_G2_10461_15_Forward_Primer 10418 10442 1064 515O02_region_G2_10461_15_Reverse_Primer 10609 10585 1065 515O02_region_G2_67608_15_Forward_Primer 67552 67577 1066 515O02_region_G2_67608_15_Reverse_Primer 67745 67721 1067 515O02_region_G2_63275_46_Forward_Primer 63148 63173 1068 515O02_region_G2_63275_46_Reverse_Primer 63347 63323 1069 515O02_region_G2_62405_14_Forward_Primer 62374 62399 1070 515O02_region_G2_62405_14_Reverse_Primer 62576 62552 1071 515O02_region_G2_33563_12_Forward_Primer 33460 33484 1072 515O02_region_G2_33563_12_Reverse_Primer 33670 33646 1073 515O02_region_G2_33146_14_Forward_Primer 32949 32973 1074 515O02_region_G2_33146_14_Reverse_Primer 33191 33167 1075 515O02_region_G2_102179_29_Forward_Primer 102102 102126 1076 515O02_region_G2_102179_29_Reverse_Primer 102352 102327 1077 515O02_region_G2_2646_15_Forward_Primer 2553 2577 1078 515O02_region_G2_2646_15_Reverse_Primer 2809 2784 1079 515O02_region_G2_76652_24_Forward_Primer 76567 76591 1080 515O02_region_G2_76652_24_Reverse_Primer 76835 76812 1081 515O02_region_G2_66280_14_Forward_Primer 66052 66077 1082 515O02_region_G2_66280_14_Reverse_Primer 66334 66309 1083 515O02_region_G2_54768_13_Forward_Primer 54640 54666 1084 515O02_region_G2_54768_13_Reverse_Primer 54923 54899 1085 515O02_region_G2_62580_14_Forward_Primer 62552 62576 1086 515O02_region_G2_62580_14_Reverse_Primer 62840 62816 1087 515O02_region_G2_34598_55_Forward_Primer 34473 34497 1088 515O02_region_G2_34598_55_Reverse_Primer 34765 34739 1089 515O02_region_G2_77680_13_Forward_Primer 77444 77470 1090 515O02_region_G2_77680_13_Reverse_Primer 77741 77716 1091 515O02_region_G2_77693_12_Forward_Primer 77444 77470 1092 515O02_region_G2_77693_12_Reverse_Primer 77741 77716 1093 515O02_region_G2_97392_14_Forward_Primer 97255 97280 1094 515O02_region_G2_97392_14_Reverse_Primer 97554 97530 1095 515O02_region_G2_97359_15_Forward_Primer 97255 97280 1096 515O02_region_G2_97359_15_Reverse_Primer 97554 97530 1120 consensusLRR 1121 rhg1LRR 1122 Rhg4LRR Primer location on 240O17_region_G3 1123 240O17_region_G3_forward_1_b 45046-45072

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A) rhg1

The present invention provides a method for the production of a soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele comprising: (A) crossing a first soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN rersistant allele with a second soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN sensitive allele to produce a segregating population; (B) screening the segregating population for a member having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele with a first nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing to linkage group G, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule that is linked to the rhg1 SCN resistant allele; and, (C) selecting the member for further crossing and selection.

rhg1 is located on linkage group G (Concibido et al., Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650 (1996)). SCN resistant alleles of rhg1 provide partial resistance to SCN races 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 14 (Concibido et al. (Crop Sci. 37:258-264 (1997)). Also, Webb (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081) reports that a QTL on linkage group G (rhg1) provides partial resistance to SCN races 1, 2, 3, 5, and 14. rhg1 and Rhg4 provide complete or nearly complete resistance to SCN race 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081). While initially thought to be a recessive gene, rhg1 classification as a recessive gene has been questioned.

Using bioinformatic approaches, the rhg1 coding region is predicted to contain either four exons (rhg1, v.1)(coding coordinates 45163-45314, 45450-45509, 46941-48763, and 48975-49573 of SEQ ID NO: 2) or two exons (rhg1, v.2) (coding coordinates 46798-48763 and 48975-49573 of SEQ ID NO: 3). rhg1, v.1 encodes an 877 amino acid polypeptide. rhg1, v.2 encodes an 854 amino acid length polypeptide. rhg1 codes for a Xa21-like receptor kinase (SEQ ID NOs: 1097, 1098, and 1100-1115) (Song, et al., Science 270, 1804-1806 (1995)). rhg1 has an extracellular leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 164-457; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 141-434), a transmembrane domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 508-530; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 33-51, and 485-507) and serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 578-869; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 555-846). In a preferred embodiment, the LRR domain has multiple LRR repeats. In a more preferred embodiment, the LRR domain has 12 LRR H repeats.

To identify proteins similar to the proteins encoded by rhg1 candidates, database searches are performed using the predicted peptide sequences. The rhg1 candidate shows similarity to CAA18124, which is the Arabidopsis putative receptor kinase (58.4% similarity and 35.8% identity, (CLUSTALW (default parameters), Thompson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680 (1994)), GCG package, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.), and the apple leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase (g3641252) (53.2% similarity and 31.5% identity, (CLUSTALW (default parameters))), which has both LLR and STK domains, showing conservation in both the LLR and STK domains. The predicted LRR extracellular domain shows similarity to the tomato resistance genes Cf-2.1 (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) (66.9% similarity and 45.4% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))) and Cf-2.2 (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) (66.9% similarity and 45.4% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))).

FIG. 1 is an alignment of the LRR domain of the rhg1 gene. A consensus sequence for the LRR is shown as the top row of the alignment. Each row of amino acids represents an LRR domain. The boxed region indicates the putative β-turn/β-sheet structural motif postulated to be involved in ligand binding (Jones and Jones, Adv. Bot. Res. Incorp. Adv. Plant Path. 24; 89-167 (1997)). The hydrophobic leucine residues are thought to project into the core of the protein while the flanking amino acids are thought to be solvent exposed where they may interact with the ligand (Kobe and Deisenhofer, Nature 374; 183-186 (1995)). Non-conservative changes in this region are thought to affect folding. An “x” represents an arbitrary amino acid while an “a” represents a hydrophobic residue (leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, or phenylalanine). Amino acid substitutions between resistant and sensitive phenotypes are bordered by a double line. The amino acid substitution within the 302-325 region is a histidine/asparagine substitution, and the amino acid substitution within the 422-445 region is a phenylalanine/serine substitution.

As used herein, a naturally occurring rhg1 allele is any allele that encodes for a protein having an extracellular LRR, a transmembrane domain, and STK domain where the naturally occurring allele is present on linkage group G and where certain rhg1 alleles, but not all rhg1 alleles, are capable of providing or contributing to resistance or partial resistance to a race of SCN. It is understood that such an allele can, using for example methods disclosed herein, be manipulated so that the nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is no longer present on linkage group G. It is also understood that such an allele can, using for example methods disclosed herein, be manipulated so that the nucleic acid molecule sequence is altered.

As used herein, an rhg1 SCN resistant allele is any rhg1 allele where that allele alone or in combination with other SCN resistant alleles present in the plant, such as an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, provides resistance to a race of SCN, and that resistance is due, at least in part, to the genetic contribution of the rhg1 allele.

SCN resistance or partial resistance is determined by a comparison of the plant in question with a known SCN sensitive host, Lee 74, according to the method set forth in Schmitt, J. Nematol. 20:392-395 (1988). As used herein, resistance to a particular race of SCN is defined as having less than 10% of cyst development relative to the SCN sensitive host Lee 74. Moreover, as used herein, partial resistance to a particular race of SCN is defined as having more than 10% but less than 75% of cyst development relative to the SCN sensitive host Lee 74.

Any soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Soybeans with known rhg1 SCN resistant alleles can be used. Such soybeans include but are not limited to PI548402 (Peking), PI200499, A2869, Jack, A2069, PI209332 (No:4), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI84751, PI437654, PI40792, Pyramid, Nathan, AG2201, A3469, AG3901, A3904, AG4301, AG4401, AG4501, AG4601, PION9492, PI88788, Dyer, Custer, Manokin, and Doles. In a preferred aspect, the soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an rhg1 haplotype 2 allele. Examples of soybeans with an rhg1 haplotype 2 allele are PI548402 (Peking), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI437654 (Er-hejjan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI84751, PI437654, and PI40792. In addition, using the methods or agents of the present invention, soybeans and wild relative of soybean such as Glycine soja can be screened for the presence of rhg1 SCN resistant alleles.

Any soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN sensitive allele can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Such soybeans include A3244, A2833, AG3001, Williams, Will, A2704, Noir, DK23-51, Lee 74, Essex, Minsoy, A1923, and Hutcheson. In a preferred aspect, the soybean plant having an rhg1 SCN sensitive allele is an rhg1 A3244 allele. In addition, using the methods or agents of the present invention, soybeans and wild relatives of soybean such as Glycine soja can be screened for the presence of rhg1 SCN sensitive alleles.

Table 2, below, is a table showing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (INDEL) sites for eight haplotype sequences of rhg1.

TABLE 2 Identification Base number of contig 240O17_region_G3 of reference line A3244 Hap PI# Line Ph 45173 45309 45400 45416 45439 45611 45916 45958 46049 46113 1 — A3244 S G G A T A A A A C A 2 PI548402 Peking R G A C C T A G A T G 3 PI423871 Toyosuzu — G A A T A A G A T G 4 PI518672 Will S G G A T A A A A C A 5 — A2704 S G G A T A A A A C A 6 PI290136 Noir S A A A C T G A T T A 7 PI548658 Lee 74 S A A A C T G A T T A 8 PI200499 — R G A A C A A A A T A N/A PI548667 Essex S A A A C T G A T T A N/A PI548389 Minsoy S G G A T A A A A C A N/A PI360843 Oshima. — — — — — — — — — — — N/A — A2869 R — — — — — — — — — — N/A PI540556 Jack R — — — — — — — — — — N/A — A2069 R — — — — — — — — — — N/A PI209332 No. 4 R — — — — — — — — — — Identification Base number of contig 240O17_region_G3 of reference line A3244 Hap PI# Line Ph 46227 46703 47057 47140 47208 47571 47617 47796 47856 47937 1 — A3244 S d1 0 T C C G C A T T 2 PI548402 Peking R 0 d2 C C C G C C C C 3 PI423871 Toyosuzu — 0 0 T C C G C C C C 4 PI518672 Will S d1 0 T A T G C A T T 5 — A2704 S d1 0 T A T G C A T T 6 PI290136 Noir S 0 d14 T C C A A C C C 7 PI548658 Lee 74 S 0 d14 T C C G A C C C 8 PI200499 — R 0 d14 T C C G A C C C N/A PI548667 Essex S 0 d14 T C C G A C C C N/A PI548389 Minsoy S d1 0 T A T G C A T T N/A PI360843 Oshima. — — 0 T A T G C A T/C T/C N/A — A2869 R 0 d14 T C C G A C C C N/A PI540556 Jack R — — — — — — — C C C N/A — A2069 R — — — — — — — C T/C T/C N/A PI209332 No. 4 R — — — — — — — C C C Identification Base number of contig 240O17_region_G3 of reference line A3244 Hap PI# Line Ph 48012 48060 48073 48135 48279 48413 48681 48881 49012 49316 1 — A3244 S T C C A C G A 0 A T 2 PI548402 Peking R T C C G C G G d19 G T 3 PI423871 Toyosuzu — T C C G C G A 0 A T 4 PI518672 Will S T C C A C G A 0 A T 5 — A2704 S C T T G T C — 0 G C 6 PI290136 Noir S C T T G T C G 0 G C 7 PI548658 Lee 74 S C T T G T C G 0 G C 8 PI200499 — R C T T G T C G 0 G C N/A PI548667 Essex S C T T G T C A/G 0 G C N/A PI548389 Minsoy S C/T C/T C/T A C G A 0 A T N/A PI360843 Oshima. — T C C A/G C G A 0 A T N/A — A2869 R C T T G T C G 0 G C N/A PI540556 Jack R C T T G T C G 0 G C N/A — A2069 R C T T A T C G 0 G C N/A PI209332 No. 4 R C T T A/G T C G 0 G C

In Table 2, discrete haplotypes are designated 1 through 8. N/A refers to a haplotype that is not characterized. The Plant Introduction classification number is indicated in the “PI#” column. A dash indicates that no PI number is known or assigned for the line under investigation. The line from which the sequences are derived is indicated in the “line” column, with a dash indicating an unknown or unnamed line. The “Ph.” (phenotype) column of table 2 indicates whether a given line has been reported as resistant (R) to at least one race of SCN or sensitive (S).

The nucleotide bases located at each of 30 positions in each of the haplotype sequences is shown in the columns labeled “Base number of contig 240O17_region_G3 of reference line A3244.” The base number at the top of each column corresponds to the base number in contig 240O17_region_G3 of reference line A3224 (SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3). The letters G, A, C, and T correspond to the bases guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. Two bases separated by a slash (A/G, C/T, or TIC) indicate uncertainty at the specified position of the haplotype sequence. A “d” followed by a number indicates a deletion of a the length specified. That is, d1 is a one base deletion, d2 is a two base deletion, d14 is a fourteen base deletion, and d19 is a nineteen base deletion. A zero (0) indicates no deletion. A dash indicates that the identity of the base is undetermined.

Examination of table 2 reveals that the amino acid substitutions in the rhg1 coding region are common to the resistant lines PI467312 (Cha-mo-shi-dou), PI88788 and the southern susceptible lines Essex, Hutchenson, Noir and A1923. As used herein, a “southern” cultivar is any cultivar from maturity groups VI, VII, VIII, IX, or X, and a “northern” cultivar is any cultivar from maturity groups 000, 00, 0, I, II, III, IV, or V. This data is consistent with the mapping experiments of Qui et al. (Theor Appl Genet 98:356-364 (1999)). Based on analysis of 200 F_(2:3) families derived from a cross between Peking and Essex, the authors failed to detect any significant association with SCN resistance to races 1, 2, and 3, and the rhg1 locus on linkage group G. The authors point out that one of the markers, Bng122, which has been shown to have significant linkage to rhg1 (Concibido et al., Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650 (1996)), is not polymorphic in the population employed. It is also possible that the susceptible southern lines contain rhg1 and the susceptible phenotype reflects the polygenic nature of SCN resistance. In a study to uncover QTLs for sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean, two SCN resistant alleles originating from the susceptible parent Essex have been described (Hnetkovsky et al., Crop Sci. 36:393-400).

Tables 3a, 3b, and 3c, below, show lines that share an rhg1 haplotype.

TABLE 3a Haplotype 2 Lines PI# Line Ph. PI548402 Peking R PI404166 Krasnoaarmejkaja R PI404198 (Sun huan do) R PI437654 Er-hej-jan R PI438489 (Chiquita) R PI507354 Tokei 421 R PI548655 Forrest R PI548988 Pickett R PI84751 — R PI437654 — R PI40792 — —

TABLE 3b Haplotype 4 Lines PI# Line Ph. — Will S PI467312 Cha-mo-shi-dou R PI88788 — R

TABLE 3c Haplotype 6 Lines PI# Line Ph. — Noir S — A1923 S — Hutcheson S

In Tables 3a, 3b, and 3c, Plant Introduction classification number is indicated in the “PI#” column. A dash indicates that no PI number is known or assigned for the line in question. The line from which the sequences are derived is indicated in the “line” column, with a dash indicating an unknown or unnamed line. The “Ph.” column indicates whether a given line has been reported as resistant (R) to at least one race of SCN or sensitive (S), with a dash indicating that the phenotype is unknown.

In a preferred aspect, the source of either an rhg1 SCN sensitive allele or an rhg1 SCN resistant allele, or more preferably both, is an elite plant. An “elite line” is any line that has resulted from breeding and selection for superior agronomic performance. Examples of elite lines are lines that are commercially available to farmers or soybean breeders such as HARTZ™ variety H4994, HARTZ™ variety H5218, HARTZ™ variety H5350, HARTZ™ variety H5545, Roundup Ready™variety H5050, HARTZ™ variety H5454, HARTZ™ variety H5233, HARTZ™ variety H5488, HARTZ™ variety HLA572, HARTZ™ variety H6200, HARTZ™ variety H6104, HARTZ™ variety H6255, HARTZ™ variety H6586, HARTZ™ variety H6191, HARTZ™ variety H7440, HARTZ™ variety H4452 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H4994 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H4988 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5000 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5147 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5247 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5350 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5545 Roundup Ready, HARTZ™ variety H5855 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5088 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5164 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5361 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5566 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5181 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5889 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H5999 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H6013 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H6255 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H6454 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H6686 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H7152 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H7550 Roundup Ready™, HARTZ™ variety H8001 Roundup Ready (HARTZ SEED, Stuttgart, Ark., U.S.A.); A0868, AGO901, A1553, A1900, AG1901, A1923, A2069, AG2101, AG2201, A2247, AG2301, A2304, A2396, AG2401, AG2501, A2506, A2553, AG2701, AG2702, A2704, A2833, A2869, AG2901, AG2902, AG3001, AG3002, A3204, A3237, A3244, AG3301, AG3302, A3404, A3469, AG3502, A3559, AG3601, AG3701, AG3704, AG3750, A3834, AG3901, A3904, A4045 AG4301, A4341, AG4401, AG4501, AG4601, AG4602, A4604, AG4702, AG4901, A4922, AG5401, A5547, AG5602, A5704, AG5801, AG5901, A5944, A5959, AG6101, QR4459 and QP4544 (Asgrow Seeds, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.); DeKalb variety CX445 (DeKalb, Ill.). An elite plant is any plant from an elite line.

B) Rhg4

The present invention provides a method for the production of a soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele comprising: (A) crossing a first soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele with a second soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele to produce a segregating population; (B) screening the segregating population for a member having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele with a first nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing to linkage group A2, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule specifically hybridizes to a second nucleic acid molecule linked to the Rhg4 SCN resistant allele; and, (C) selecting the member for further crossing and selection.

Rhg4 is located on linkage group A2 (Matson and Williams, Crop Sci. 5:447 (1965)). SCN resistant alleles of Rhg4 provide partial resistance to SCN races 1 and 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,081). Together, rhg1 and Rhg4 provide complete or nearly complete resistance to SCN race 3. The dominant gene, Rhg4, was found to be closely linked to the seed coat color locus (i) (Matson and Williams, Crop Sci. 5:447 (1965)). The i locus in Peking was also reported to be linked with a recessive gene for resistance to SCN (Sugiyama and Katsumi, Jpn. J. Breed. 16:83-86 (1966)). It is possible that Rhg4 and the recessive gene linked to the i locus are one and the same, which would call into question the classification of Rhg4 as a dominant gene.

Using bioinformatic approaches the Rhg4 coding region is predicted to contain 2 exons (coding coordinates 111805-113968 and 114684-115204 of SEQ ID NO: 4). Rhg4 encodes an 894 amino acid polypeptide. Rhg4 codes for a Xa21-like receptor kinase (SEQ ID NOs: 1099 and 1116-1119) (Song et al., Science 270, 1804-1806, (1995)). Rhg4 has an extracellular LRR domain (Rhg4, SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 34-44), a transmembrane domain (Rhg4 SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 449-471), and STK domain (Rhg4, SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 531-830). In a preferred embodiment, the LRR domain has multiple LRR repeats. In a more preferred embodiment, the LRR domain has 12 LRR repeats.

To identify proteins similar to the Rhg4 candidate, database searches are performed using the predicted peptide sequences. The Rhg4 candidate shows similarity to TMK (Y07748)(73.0% similarity and 54.8% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))) and TMK1 PRECURSOR (70.6% similarity and 55.1% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))), which are rice and Arabidopsis receptor kinases, respectively. The predicted LRR extracellular domain reveals similarity to TMK (Y07748)(70.1% similarity and 46.6% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))), TMK1 PRECURSOR (g1707642) (65.8% similarity and 48.8% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))), and F21J9.1 (g2213607) (65.5% similarity and 45.6% identity (CLUSTALW (default parameters))).

FIG. 2 is an alignment of the LRR domain of the Rhg4 gene. A consensus sequence is shown as the top row. Each row of amino acids represents an LRR domain. The boxed region indicates the putative β-turn/β-sheet structural motif postulated to be involved in ligand binding (Jones and Jones, Adv. Bot. Res. Incorp. Adv. Plant Path. 24; 89-167 (1997)). The hydrophobic leucine residues are thought to project into the core of the protein while the flanking amino acids are thought to be solvent exposed where they may interact with the ligand (Kobe and Deisenhofer, Nature 374; 183-186 (1995)). An “x” represents an arbitrary amino acid while an “a” represents a hydrophobic residue (leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, or phenylalanine). Amino acid substitutions between resistant and sensitive phenotypes are bordered by a double line. The amino acid substitution within the 35-57 region is a histidine/glutamine substitution, and the amino acid substitution within the 81-104 region is a leucine/phenylalanine substitution.

As used herein, a naturally-occurring Rhg4 allele is any allele that encodes for a protein having an extracellular LRR domain, a transmembrane domain, and STK domain where the naturally occurring allele is present on linkage group A2 and where certain Rgh4 alleles, but not all Rgh4 alleles, are capable of providing or contributing to resistance or partial resistance to a race of SCN. It is understood that such an allele can, using, for example methods disclosed herein, be manipulated so that the nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is no longer present on linkage group A2. It is also understood that such an allele can, using, for example methods disclosed herein, be manipulated so that the nucleic acid molecule sequence is altered.

As used herein, an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is any Rhg4 allele where that allele alone or in combination with other SCN resistant alleles present in the plant, such as an rhg1 SCN resistant allele, provides resistance to a race of SCN, and that resistance is due, at least in part, to the genetic contribution of the Rhg4 allele.

Any soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Soybeans with known Rhg4 SCN resistant alleles can be used. Such soybeans include, but are not limited to, PI548402 (Peking), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI88788, PI404198 (Sun Huan Do), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), Hartwig, Manokin, Doles, Dyer, and Custer. In a preferred aspect, the soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an Rhg4 haplotype 3 allele in a plant having either an rhg1 haplotype 2 or rhg1 haplotype 4 allele. Examples of soybeans with an Rhg4 haplotype 3 allele are PI548402 (Peking), PI88788, PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), and PI507354 (Tokei 421). In addition, using the methods or agents of the present invention, soybeans and wild relatives of soybeans such as Glycine soja can be screened for the presence of Rhg4 SCN resistant alleles.

Table 4 below is a table showing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for three haplolotype sequences of Rhg4.

TABLE 4 Identification Base number of contig 318O13_region_A3 Markers Hap PI number Line Ph Coat 111933 112065 112101 112461 114066 scn279 scnb267 scn273 1 — A2069 R yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 — A2869 R yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 — A3244 S yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 PI87631 Kindaizu R yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 PI548389 Minsoy S yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 PI518664 Hutcheson S yellow T A T A T 2 2 2 1 PI548658 Lee 74 S yellow T A T A T — 2 2 2 PI540556 Jack R yellow G A T A T 2 2 1 2 PI360843 Oshimashirome R yellow G A T A T — — — 2 PI423871 Toyosuzu R yellow G A T A T — — — 3 PI548402 Peking R black G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI88788 — R black G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI404198 B (Sun huan do) R black G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI438489 B (Chiquita) R black G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI437654 Er-hej-jan R black G C C T G 2 1 1 3 PI404166 Krasnoaarmejkaja R black G C C T G 1 1 — 3 PI290136 Noir S black G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI548655 Forrest R yellow G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI548988 Pickett R yellow G C C T G 1 1 1 3 PI507354 Tokei 421 R yellow G C C T G 1 1 1 N/A PI467312 Cha-mo-shi-dou R GnBr G C C T — 1 1 1 N/A PI209332 No. 4 R black T A T — — 2 2 2 N/A PI518672 Will S yellow T A T — T 2 2 2 N/A PI548667 Essex S yellow T A T — T 2 2 2

In Table 4, discrete haplotypes are designated 1 through 3. N/A refers to a haplotype that is not characterized. In Table 4, the Plant Introduction classification number is indicated in the “PI#” column. A dash indicates that no PI number is known or assigned for the line under investigation. The line from which the sequences are derived is indicated in the “line” column, with a dash indicating an unknown or unnamed line. The “Ph.” column of Table 4 indicates whether a given line has been reported to be resistant (R) to at least one race of SCN, or sensitive (S). The “coat” column shows the phenotypic coat color of a seed as either yellow, black, green/brown (GnBr), or unknown/unassigned (dash). At the I locus, black seeded varieties harbor the i allele for black or imperfect black seed coat. In a preferred embodiment, the seed has a yellow coat.

The nucleotide base located at each of 5 positions in each of the haplotype sequences is shown in the columns labeled “Base number of contig 318O13_region_A3.” The base number at the top of each column correspond to the base number in the contig 318O13_region_A3 of reference line A3244 (SEQ ID NO: 4). The letters G, A, C, and T correspond to the bases guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. A dash indicates that the identity of the base is unknown.

Three different simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite markers that occur within the sequences, scn279 (SEQ ID NO: 292), scn267 (SEQ ID NO: 282), and scn273 (SEQ ID NO: 294), are listed under “markers.” The allele of each marker occurring in a haplotype is indicated by a 1 or a 2, with a dash indicating that the information is not determined.

Any soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Such soybeans include A3244, Will, Noir, Lee 74, Essex, Minsoy, A2704, A2833, AG3001, Williams, DK23-51, and Hutcheson. In a preferred aspect, the soybean plant having an Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele is an Rhg4 A3244 allele. In addition, using the methods or agents of the present invention, soybeans and wild relative of soybean such as Glycine soja can be screened for the presence of Rhg4 SCN sensitive alleles.

In a preferred aspect, the source of either an Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele or an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, or more preferably both, is an elite plant.

In table 5, below, rhg1 and Rhg4 haplotypes for various cultivars are compared.

TABLE 5 Identification Haplotype PI# Line Coat Ph. rhg4 rhg1 — A3244 yellow S 1 1 PI548402 Peking black R 3 2 PI404198 B (Sun huan do) black R 3 2 PI438489 B (Chiquita) black R 3 2 PI437654 Er-hej-jan black R 3 2 PI404166 Krasnoaarmejkaja black R 3 2 PI548655 Forrest yellow R 3 2 PI548988 Pickett yellow R 3 2 PI507354 Tokei 421 yellow R 3 2 PI88788 — black R 3 4 PI467312 Cha-mo-shi-dou GnBr R N/A 4 — Noir black S 3 6 — Jack yellow R 2 N/A PI360843 Oshimashirome yellow R 2 N/A PI423871 Toyosuzu yellow R 2 3 PI209332 No. 4 black R N/A N/A PI87631 Kindaizu yellow R 1 — — Minsoy yellow S 1 N/A — Will yellow S N/A 4 — Hutcheson yellow S 1 6 — Lee 74 yellow S N/A 7 — Essex yellow S N/A N/A — A2069 yellow R 1 N/A — A2869 yellow R 1 N/A

In Table 5, haplotypes, as used in Tables 2 through 4, are listed for each line. N/A refers to a haplotype that is not characterized. The Plant Introduction classification number is indicated in the “PI#” column. A dash indicates that no PI number is known or assigned for the line under investigation. The line from which the sequences are derived is indicated in the “line” column, with a dash indicating an unknown or unnamed line. The “Ph.” column of table 5 indicates whether a given line has been reported to be resistant (R) to at least one race of SCN, or sensitive (S). The “coat” column shows the phenotypic coat color of a seed as either yellow, black, green/brown (GnBr), or unknown/unassigned (dash). At the I locus, black seeded varieties harbor the i allele for black or imperfect black seed coat. In a preferred embodiment, the seed has a yellow coat.

Screening for rhg1 and Rhg4 Alleles

Any appropriate method can be used to screen for a plant having an rhg1 SCN resistant allele. Any appropriate method can be used to screen for a plant having an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele. In a preferred aspect of the present invention, a nucleic acid marker of the present invention can be used (see section entitled “Screening for rhg1 and Rhg4 alleles” and subsection (ii) of the section entitled “Agents”).

Additional markers, such as SSRs, AFLP markers, RFLP markers, RAPD markers, phenotypic markers, SNPs, isozyme markers, microarray transcription profiles that are genetically linked to or correlated with alleles of a QTL of the present invention can be utilized (Walton, Seed World 22-29 (July, 1993); Burow and Blake, Molecular Dissection of Complex Traits, 13-29, Eds. Paterson, CRC Press, New York (1988)). Methods to isolate such markers are known in the art. For example, locus-specific SSRs can be obtained by screening a genomic library for SSRs, sequencing of “positive” clones, designing primers which flank the repeats, and amplifying genomic DNA with these primers. The size of the resulting amplification products can vary by integral numbers of the basic repeat unit. To detect a polymorphism, PCR products can be radiolabeled, separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, and detected by autoradiography. Fragments with size differences >4 bp can also be resolved on agarose gels, thus avoiding radioactivity.

Other SSR markers may be utilized. Amplification of simple tandem repeats, mainly of the [CA]_(n) type were reported by Litt and Luty, Amer. J. Human Genet. 44:397-401 (1989); Smeets et al., Human Genet. 83:245-251 (1989); Tautz, Nucleic Acids Res. 17:6463-6472 (1989); Weber and May, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44:388-396 (1989). Weber, Genomics 7:524-530 (1990), reported that the level of polymorphism detected by PCR-amplified [CA]_(n) type SSRs depends on the number of the “perfect” (i.e., uninterrupted), tandemly repeated motifs. Below a certain threshold (i.e., 12 CA-repeats), the SSRs were reported to be primarily monomorphic. Above this threshold, however, the probability of polymorphism increases with SSR length. Consequently, long, perfect arrays of SSRs are preferred for the generation of markers, i.e., for the design and synthesis of flanking primers.

Suitable primers can be deduced from DNA databases (e.g., Akkaya et al., Genetics. 132:1131-1139 (1992)). Alternatively, size-selected genomic libraries (200 to 500 bp) can be constructed by, for example, using the following steps: (1) isolation of genomic DNA; (2) digestion with one or more 4 base-specific restriction enzymes; (3) size-selection of restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis, excision and purification of the desire size fraction; (4) ligation of the DNA into a suitable vector and transformation into a suitable E. coli strain; (5) screening for the presence of SSRs by colony or plaque hybridization with a labeled probe; (6) isolation of positive clones and sequencing of the inserts; and (7) design of suitable primers flanking the SSR.

Establishing libraries with small, size-selected inserts can be advantageous for SSR isolation for two reasons: (1) long SSRs are often unstable in E. coli, and (2) positive clones can be sequenced without subcloning. A number of approaches have been reported for the enrichment of SSRs in genomic libraries. Such enrichment procedures are particularly useful if libraries are screened with comparatively rare tri- and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. One such approach has been described by Ostrander et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A). 89:3419-3423 (1992), who reported the generation of a small-insert phagemid library in an E. coli strain deficient in UTPase (d8t) and uracil-N-glycosylase (ung) genes. In the absence of UTPase and uracil-N-glycosylase, dUTP can compete with dTTP for the incorporation into DNA. Single-stranded phagemid DNA isolated from such a library can be primed with [CA]_(n) and [TG]_(n) primers for second strand synthesis, and the products used to transform a wild-type E. coli strain. Since under these conditions there will be selection against single-stranded, uracil-containing DNA molecules, the resulting library will consist of primer-extended, double-stranded products and an about 50-fold enrichment in CA-repeats.

Other reported enrichment strategies rely on hybridization selection of simple sequence repeats prior to cloning (Karagyozov et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3911-3912 (1993); Armour et al., Hum. Mol. Gen. 3:599-605 (1994); Kijas et al., Genome 38:349-355 (1994); Kandpal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 91:88-92 (1994); Edwards et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49:746-756 (1991)). Hybridization selection, can for example, involve the following steps: (1) genomic DNA is fragmented, either by sonication, or by digestion with a restriction enzyme; (2) genomic DNA fragments are ligated to adapters that allow a “whole genome PCR” at this or a later stage of the procedure; (3) genomic DNA fragments are amplified, denatured and hybridized with single-stranded SSR sequences bound to a nylon membrane; (4) after washing off unbound DNA, hybridizing fragments enriched for SSRs are eluted from the membrane by boiling or alkali treatment, reamplified using adapter-complementary primers, and digested with a restriction enzyme to remove the adapters; and (5) DNA fragments are ligated into a suitable 15 vector and transformed into a suitable E. coli strain. SSRs can be found in up to 50-70% of the clones obtained from these procedures (Armour et al., Hum. Mol. Gen. 3:599-605 (1994); Edwards et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49:746-756 (1991)).

An alternative hybridization selection strategy was reported by Kijas et al., Genome 38:599-605 (1994), which replaced the nylon membrane with biotinylated, SSR-complementary oligonucleotides attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic particles. SSR-containing DNA fragments are selectively bound to the magnetic beads, reamplified, restriction-digested and cloned.

It is further understood that other additional markers on linkage group G or A2 may be utilized (Morgante et al., Genome 37:763-769 (1994)). As used herein, reference to the linkage group of G or A2 refers to the linkage group that corresponds to linkage groups U5 and U3, respectively from the genetic map of Glycine max (Mansur et al., Crop Sci. 36: 1327-1336 (1996), and linkage groups G and A2, respectively, of Glycine max x. Glycine soja (Shoemaker et al., Genetics 144: 329-336 (1996)) that is present in Glycine soja (Soybase, an Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (http-129.186.26.940 and USDA-Agricultural Research Service: http-www.ars.usda.gov/)).

PCR-amplified SSRs can be used, because they are locus-specific, codominant, occur in large numbers and allow the unambiguous identification of alleles. Standard PCR-amplified SSR protocols use radioisotopes and denaturing polyacrylamide gels to detect amplified SSRs. In many situations, however, allele sizes are sufficiently different to be resolved on high percentage agarose gels in combination with ethidium bromide staining (Bell and Ecker, Genomics 19:137-144 (1994); Becker and Heun, Genome 38:991-998 (1995); Huttel, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Frankfurt, Germany (1996)). High resolution without applying radioactivity is also provided by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels in combination with either ethidium bromide (Scrimshaw, Biotechniques 13:2189 (1992)) or silver straining (Klinkicht and Tautz, Molecular Ecology 1: 133-134 (1992); Neilan et al., Biotechniques 17:708-712 (1994)). An alternative of PCR-amplified SSRs typing involves the use of fluorescent primers in combination with a semi-automated DNA sequencer (Schwengel et al., Genomics 22:46-54 (1994)). Fluorescent PCR products can be detected by real-time laser scanning during gel electrophoresis. An advantage of this technology is that different amplification reactions as well as a size marker (each labeled with a different fluorophore) can be combined into one lane during electrophoresis. Multiplex analysis of up to 24 different SSR loci per lane has been reported (Schwengel et al., Genomics 22:46-54 (1994)).

The detection of polymorphic sites in a sample of DNA may be facilitated through the use of nucleic acid amplification methods. Such methods specifically increase the concentration of polynucleotides that span the polymorphic site, or include that site and sequences located either distal or proximal to it. Such amplified molecules can be readily detected by gel electrophoresis or other means.

The most preferred method of achieving such amplification employs the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) (Mullis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263-273 (1986); Erlich et al., European Patent Appln. 50,424; European Patent Appln. 84,796, European Patent Application 258,017, European Patent Appln. 237,362; Mullis, European Patent Appln. 201,184; Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; Erlich, U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194), using primer pairs that are capable of hybridizing to the proximal sequences that define a polymorphism in its double-stranded form.

In lieu of PCR, alternative methods, such as the “Ligase Chain Reaction” (“LCR”) may be used (Barany, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:189-193 (1991)). LCR uses two pairs of oligonucleotide probes to exponentially amplify a specific target. The sequences of each pair of oligonucleotides is selected to permit the pair to hybridize to abutting sequences of the same strand of the target. Such hybridization forms a substrate for a template-dependent ligase. As with PCR, the resulting products thus serve as a template in subsequent cycles and an exponential amplification of the desired sequence is obtained.

LCR can be performed with oligonucleotides having the proximal and distal sequences of the same strand of a polymorphic site. In one embodiment, either oligonucleotide will be HE designed to include the actual polymorphic site of the polymorphism. In such an embodiment, the reaction conditions are selected such that the oligonucleotides can be ligated together only if the target molecule either contains or lacks the specific nucleotide that is complementary to the polymorphic site present on the oligonucleotide. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be selected such that they do not include the polymorphic site (see, Segev, PCT Application WO 90/01069).

The “Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay” (“OLA”) may alternatively be employed (Landegren et al., Science 241:1077-1080 (1988)). The OLA protocol uses two oligonucleotides that are designed to be capable of hybridizing to abutting sequences of a single strand of a target. OLA, like LCR, is particularly suited for the detection of point mutations. Unlike LCR, however, OLA results in “linear” rather than exponential amplification of the target sequence.

Nickerson et al. have described a nucleic acid detection assay that combines attributes of PCR and OLA (Nickerson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:8923-8927 (1990)). In this method, PCR is used to achieve the exponential amplification of target DNA, which is then detected using OLA. In addition to requiring multiple, and separate, processing steps, one problem associated with such combinations is that they inherit all of the problems associated with PCR and OLA.

Schemes based on ligation of two (or more) oligonucleotides in the presence of a nucleic acid having the sequence of the resulting “di-oligonucleotide,” thereby amplifying the di-oligonucleotide, are also known (Wu et al., Genomics 4:560-569 (1989)), and may be readily adapted to the purposes of the present invention.

Other known nucleic acid amplification procedures, such as allele-specific oligomers, branched DNA technology, transcription-based amplification systems, or isothermal amplification methods may also be used to amplify and analyze such polymorphisms (Malek et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238; Davey et al., European Patent Application 329,822; Schuster et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,766; Miller et al., PCT Patent Application WO 89/06700; Kwoh, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:1173-1177 (1989); Gingeras et al., PCT Patent Application WO 88/10315; Walker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:392-396 (1992)).

Polymorphisms can also be identified by Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. SSCP is a method capable of identifying most sequence variations in a single strand of DNA, typically between 150 and 250 nucleotides in length (Elles, Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, Humana Press (1996); Orita et al., Genomics 5: 874-879 (1989)). Under denaturing conditions a single strand of DNA will adopt a conformation that is uniquely dependent on its sequence conformation. This conformation usually will be different, even if only a single base is changed. Most conformations have been reported to alter the physical configuration or size sufficiently to be detectable by electrophoresis. A number of protocols have been described for SSCP including, but not limited to, Lee et al., Anal. Biochem. 205: 289-293 (1992); Suzuki et al., Anal. Biochem. 192: 82-84 (1991); Lo et al., Nucleic Acids Research 20: 1005-1009 (1992); Sarkar et al., Genomics 13:441-443 (1992). It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acids of the present invention can be utilized as markers or probes to detect polymorphisms by SSCP analysis.

Polymorphisms may also be found using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Williams et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 6531-6535 (1990)) and cleaveable amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) (Lyamichev et al., Science 260: 778-783 (1993)). It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be utilized as markers or probes to detect polymorphisms by RAPD or CAPS analysis.

The identification of a polymorphism can be determined in a variety of ways. By correlating the presence or absence of it in a plant with the presence or absence of a phenotype, it is possible to predict the phenotype of that plant. If a polymorphism creates or destroys a restriction endonuclease cleavage site, or if it results in the loss or insertion of DNA (e.g., a variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism), it will alter the size or profile of the DNA fragments that are generated by digestion with that restriction endonuclease. As such, individuals that possess a variant sequence can be distinguished from those having the original sequence by restriction fragment analysis. Polymorphisms that can be identified in this manner are termed “restriction fragment length polymorphisms” (“RFLPs”). RFLPs have been widely used in human and plant genetic analyses (Glassberg, UK Patent Application 2135774; Skolnick et al., Cytogen. Cell Genet. 32:58-67 (1982); Botstein et al., Ann. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331 (1980); Fischer et al. (PCT Application WO90/13668); Uhlen, PCT Application WO90/11369)).

A central attribute of “single nucleotide polymorphisms,” or “SNPs” is that the site of the polymorphism is at a single nucleotide. SNPs have certain reported advantages over RFLPs and VNTRs. First, SNPs are more stable than other classes of polymorphisms. Their spontaneous mutation rate is approximately 10⁻⁹ (Komberg, DNA Replication, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980), approximately 1,000 times less frequent than VNTRs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,524). Second, SNPs occur at greater frequency, and with greater uniformity than RFLPs and VNTRs. As SNPs result from sequence variation, new polymorphisms can be identified by sequencing random genomic or cDNA molecules. SNPs can also result from deletions, point mutations and insertions. Any single base alteration, whatever the cause, can be an SNP. The greater frequency of SNPs means that they can be more readily identified than the other classes of polymorphisms.

SNPs and insertion/deletions can be detected by methods, by any of a variety of methods including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,210,015; 5,876,930 and 6,030,787 in which an oligonucleotide probe having reporter and quencher molecules is hybridized to a target polynucleotide. The probe is degraded by 5′→3′ exonuclease activity of a nucleic acid polymerase. A useful assay is available from AB Biosystems (850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.) as the Taqman® assay.

Specific nucleotide variations such as SNPs and insertion/deletions can also be detected by labeled base extension methods as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,004,744; 6,013,431; 5,595,890; 5,762,876; and 5,945,283. These methods are based on primer extension and incorporation of detectable nucleoside triphosphates. The primer is designed to anneal to the sequence immediately adjacent to the variable nucleotide which can be can be detected after incorporation of as few as one labeled nucleoside triphosphate. U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,613 discloses allele specific oligonucleotide hybridizations where single or multiple nucleotide variations in nucleic acid sequence can be detected in nucleic acids by a process in which the sequence containing the nucleotide variation is amplified, spotted on a membrane and treated with a labeled sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe.

Such methods also include the direct or indirect sequencing of the site, the use of restriction enzymes where the respective alleles of the site create or destroy a restriction site, the use of allele-specific hybridization probes, the use of antibodies that are specific for the proteins encoded by the different alleles of the polymorphism or by other biochemical interpretation. SNPs can be sequenced by a number of methods. Two basic methods may be used for DNA sequencing, the chain termination method of Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 74: 5463-5467 (1977), and the chemical degradation method of Maxam and Gilbert, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 74: 560-564 (1977). Automation and advances in technology such as the replacement of radioisotopes with fluorescence-based sequencing have reduced the effort required to sequence DNA (Craxton, Methods, 2: 20-26 (1991); Ju et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 92: 4347-4351 (1995); Tabor and Richardson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 92: 6339-6343 (1995)). Automated sequencers are available from, for example, Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, N.J. (Pharmacia ALF), LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, Nebr. (LI-COR 4,000) and Millipore, Bedford, Mass. (Millipore BaseStation).

In addition, advances in capillary gel electrophoresis have also reduced the effort required to sequence DNA and such advances provide a rapid high resolution approach for sequencing DNA samples (Swerdlow and Gesteland, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1415-1419 (1990); Smith, Nature 349:812-813 (1991); Luckey et al., Methods Enzymol. 218:154-172 (1993); Lu et al., J. Chromatog. A. 680:497-501 (1994); Carson et al., Anal. Chem. 65:3219-3226 (1993); Huang et al., Anal. Chem. 64:2149-2154 (1992); Kheterpal et al., Electrophoresis 17:1852-1859 (1996); Quesada and Zhang, Electrophoresis 17:1841-1851 (1996); Baba, Yakugaku Zasshi 117:265-281 (1997), Marino, Appl. Theor. Electrophor. 5:1-5 (1995)).

The genetic linkage of marker molecules can be established by a gene mapping model such as, without limitation, the flanking marker model reported by Lander and Botstein, Genetics, 121:185-199 (1989), and the interval mapping, based on maximum likelihood methods described by Lander and Botstein, Genetics, 121:185-199 (1989), and implemented in the software package MAPMAKER/QTL (Lincoln and Lander, Mapping Genes Controlling Quantitative Traits Using MAPMAKER/QTL, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts, (1990). Additional software includes Qgene, Version 2.23 (1996), Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, 266 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.). Use of Qgene software is a particularly preferred approach.

A maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for the presence of a marker is calculated, together with an MLE assuming no QTL effect, to avoid false positives. A log₁₀ of an odds ratio (LOD) is then calculated as: LOD=log₁₀ (MLE for the presence of a QTL(MLE given no linked QTL).

The LOD score essentially indicates how much more likely the data are to have arisen assuming the presence of a QTL than in its absence. The LOD threshold value for avoiding a false positive with a given confidence, say 95%, depends on the number of markers and the length of the genome. Graphs indicating LOD thresholds are set forth in Lander and Botstein, Genetics, 121:185-199 (1989), and further described by Arús and Moreno-González, Plant Breeding, Hayward, Bosemark, Romagosa (eds.) Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 314-331 (1993).

Additional models can be used. Many modifications and alternative approaches to interval mapping have been reported, including the use of non-parametric methods (Kruglyak and Lander, Genetics, 139:1421-1428 (1995)). Multiple regression methods or models can be also be used, in which the trait is regressed on a large number of markers (Jansen, Biometrics in Plant Breed, van Oijen, Jansen (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding, The Netherlands, pp. 116-124 (1994); Weber and Wricke, Advances in Plant Breeding, Blackwell, Berlin, 16 (1994)). Procedures combining interval mapping with regression analysis, whereby the phenotype is regressed onto a single putative QTL at a given marker interval, and at the same time onto a number of markers that serve as ‘cofactors,’ have been reported by Jansen and Stam, Genetics, 136:1447-1455 (1994) and Zeng, Genetics, 136:1457-1468 (1994). Generally, the use of cofactors reduces the bias and sampling error of the estimated QTL positions (Utz and Melchinger, Biometrics in Plant Breeding, van Oijen, Jansen (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding, The Netherlands, pp. 195-204 (1994), thereby improving the precision and efficiency of QTL mapping (Zeng, Genetics, 136:1457-1468 (1994)). These models can be extended to multi-environment experiments to analyze genotype-environment interactions (Jansen et al., Theo. Appl. Genet. 91:33-37 (1995)).

Selection of an appropriate mapping or segregation populations is important to map construction. The choice of appropriate mapping population depends on the type of marker systems employed (Tanksley et al., Molecular mapping plant chromosomes. Chromosome structure and function: Impact of new concepts J. P. Gustafson and R. Appels (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 157-173 (1988)). Consideration must be given to the source of parents (adapted vs. exotic) used in the mapping population. Chromosome pairing and recombination rates can be severely disturbed (suppressed) in wide crosses (adapted x exotic) and generally yield greatly reduced linkage distances. Wide crosses will usually provide segregating populations with a relatively large array of polymorphisms when compared to progeny in a narrow cross (adapted x adapted).

As used herein, the progeny include not only, without limitation, the products of any cross (be it a backcross or otherwise) between two plants, but all progeny whose pedigree traces back to the original cross. Specifically, without limitation, such progeny include plants that have 12.5% or less genetic material derived from one of the two originally crossed plants. As used herein, a second plant is derived from a first plant if the second plant's pedigree includes the first plant.

An F₂ population is the first generation of selfing after the hybrid seed is produced. Usually a single F₁ plant is selfed to generate a population segregating for all the genes in Mendelian (1:2:1) fashion. Maximum genetic information is obtained from a completely classified F₂ population using a codominant marker system (Mather, Measurement of Linkage in Heredity: Methuen and Co., (1938)). In the case of dominant markers, progeny tests (e.g., F₃, BCF₂) are required to identify the heterozygotes, thus making it equivalent to a completely classified F₂ population. However, this procedure is often prohibitive because of the cost and time involved in progeny testing. Progeny testing of F₂ individuals is often used in map construction where phenotypes do not consistently reflect genotype (e.g., disease resistance) or where trait expression is controlled by a QTL. Segregation data from progeny test populations (e.g., F₃ or BCF₂) can be used in map construction. Marker-assisted selection can then be applied to cross progeny based on marker-trait map associations (F₂, F₃), where linkage groups have not been completely disassociated by recombination events (i.e., maximum disequilibrium).

Recombinant inbred lines (RIL) (genetically related lines; usually >F₅, developed from continuously selfing F₂ lines towards homozygosity) can be used as a mapping population. Information obtained from dominant markers can be maximized by using RIL because all loci are homozygous or nearly so. Under conditions of tight linkage (i.e., about <10% recombination), dominant and co-dominant markers evaluated in RIL populations provide more information per individual than either marker type in backcross populations (Reiter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:1477-1481 (1992)). However, as the distance between markers becomes larger (i.e., loci become more independent), the information in RIL populations decreases dramatically when compared to codominant markers.

Backcross populations (e.g., generated from a cross between a successful variety (recurrent parent) and another variety (donor parent) carrying a trait not present in the former) can be utilized as a mapping population. A series of backcrosses to the recurrent parent can be made to recover most of its desirable traits. Thus a population is created consisting of individuals nearly like the recurrent parent but each individual carries varying amounts or mosaic of genomic regions from the donor parent. Backcross populations can be useful for mapping dominant markers if all loci in the recurrent parent are homozygous and the donor and recurrent parent have contrasting polymorphic marker alleles (Reiter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:1477-1481 (1992)). Information obtained from backcross populations using either codominant or dominant markers is less than that obtained from F₂ populations because one, rather than two, recombinant gametes are sampled per plant. Backcross populations, however, are more informative (at low marker saturation) when compared to RELs as the distance between linked loci increases in RIL populations (i.e., about 0.15% recombination). Increased recombination can be beneficial for resolution of tight linkages, but may be undesirable in the construction of maps with low marker saturation.

Near-isogenic lines (NIL) created by many backcrosses to produce an array of individuals that are nearly identical in genetic composition except for the trait or genomic region under interrogation can be used as a mapping population. In mapping with NILs, only a portion of the polymorphic loci are expected to map to a selected region.

Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) is a method developed for the rapid identification of linkage between markers and traits of interest (Michelmore, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:9828-9832 (1991)). In BSA, two bulked DNA samples are drawn from a segregating population originating from a single cross. These bulks contain individuals that are identical for a particular trait (resistant or sensitive to particular disease) or genomic region but arbitrary at unlinked regions (i.e., heterozygous). Regions unlinked to the target region will not differ between the bulked samples of many individuals in BSA.

Plants generated using a method of the present invention can be part of or generated from a breeding program. The choice of breeding method depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F₁ hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc). Selected, non-limiting approaches, for breeding the plants of the present invention are set forth below. A breeding program can be enhanced using marker assisted selection of the progeny of any cross. It is further understood that any commercial and non-commercial cultivars can be utilized in a breeding program. Factors such as, for example, emergence vigor, vegetative vigor, stress tolerance, disease resistance, branching, flowering, seed set, seed size, seed density, standability, and threshability etc. will generally dictate the choice.

For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection. In a preferred embodiment a backcross or recurrent breeding program is undertaken.

The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding can be used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.

Breeding lines can be tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for two or more generations. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection.

One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, replicated observations can provide a better estimate of its genetic worth. A breeder can select and cross two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations.

The development of new soybean cultivars requires the development and selection of soybean varieties, the crossing of these varieties and selection of superior hybrid crosses. The hybrid seed can be produced by manual crosses between selected male-fertile parents or by using male sterility systems. Hybrids are selected for certain single gene traits such as pod color, flower color, seed yield, pubescence color or herbicide resistance which indicate that the seed is truly a hybrid. Additional data on parental lines, as well as the phenotype of the hybrid, influence the breeder's decision whether to continue with the specific hybrid cross.

Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods can be used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more cultivars or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which cultivars are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. New cultivars can be evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.

Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents who possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F₁. An F₂ population is produced by selfing one or several F₁'s. Selection of the best individuals in the best families is performed. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F₄ generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F₆ and F₇), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars.

Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line, which is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting parent is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.

The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F₂ to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F₂ individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F₂ plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.

In a multiple-seed procedure, soybean breeders commonly harvest one or more pods from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique.

The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand for the single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding.

Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development Vol. 1, pp. 2-3 (1987)).

In a preferred aspect of the present invention the source of the rhg1 SCN resistant allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI200499, A2869, Jack, A2069, PI209332 (No:4), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI84751, PI437654, PI40792, Pyramid, Nathan, AG2201, A3469, AG3901, A3904, AG4301, AG4401, AG4501, AG4601, PION9492, PI88788, Dyer, Custer, Manokin, Doles, and SCN resistant progeny thereof (USDA, Soybean Germplasm Collection, University of Illinois, Illinois). In a more preferred aspect, the source of the rhg1 SCN resistant allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI84751, PI437654, PI40792, and SCN resistant progeny thereof.

In a preferred aspect of the present invention the source of the rhg1 SCN sensitive allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of A3244, A2833, AG3001, Williams, Will, A2704, Noir, DK23-5 1, Lee 74, Essex, Minsoy, A1923, Hutcheson, and SCN sensitive progeny thereof. In a more preferred aspect, the source of the rhg1 SCN sensitive allele for use in a breeding program is derived from an A3244 plant, and SCN sensitive progeny thereof.

In a preferred aspect of the present invention the source of the Rhg4 SCN resistant allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI437654 (Er-hejjan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI88788, PI404198 (Sun Huan Do), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), Hartwig, Manokin, Doles, Dyer, Custer, and SCN resistant progeny thereof. In a more preferred aspect, the source of the Rhg4 SCN resistant allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI88788, PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI507354 (Tokei 421), and SCN resistant progeny thereof.

In a preferred aspect of the present invention the source of the Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele for use in a breeding program is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of A3244, Will, Noir, Lee 74, Essex, Minsoy, A2704, A2833, AG3001, Williams, DK23-51, and Hutcheson, and SCN sensitive progeny thereof. In a more preferred aspect, the source of the Rhg4 SCN sensitive allele for use in a breeding program is derived from an A3244 plant, and SCN sensitive progeny thereof.

As used herein linkage of a nucleic acid sequence with another nucleic acid sequence may be genetic or physical. In a preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid marker is genetically linked to either rhg1 or Rhg4, where the marker nucleic acid molecule exhibits a LOD score of greater than 2.0, as judged by interval mapping, for SCN resistance or partial resistance, preferably where the marker nucleic acid molecule exhibits a LOD score of greater than 3.0, as judged by interval mapping, for SCN resistance or partial resistance, more preferably where the marker nucleic acid molecule exhibits a LOD score of greater than 3.5, as judged by interval mapping, for SCN resistance or partial resistance and even more preferably where the marker nucleic acid molecule exhibits a LOD score of about 4.0, as judged by interval mapping, for SCN resistance or partial resistance based on maximum likelihood methods described by Lander and Botstein, Genetics, 121:185-199 (1989), and implemented in the software package MAPMAKER/QTL (default parameters)(Lincoln and Lander, Mapping Genes Controlling Quantitative Traits Using MAPMAKER/QTL, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts, (1990)).

In another embodiment the nucleic acid molecule may be physically linked to either rhg1 or Rhg4. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence that is present on linkage group G within 500 kb or 100 kb, more preferably within 50 kb, even more preferably within 25 kb of an rhg1 allele, where the rgh1 allele is preferably a sensitive allele, and more preferably a sensitive allele from A3244. In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid marker is capable of specifically hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence that is present on linkage group A2 within 500 kb or 100 kb, more preferably within 50 kb, even more preferably within 25 kb of an Rhg4 allele, where the Rgh4 allele is preferably a sensitive allele, and more preferably a sensitive allele from A3244.

The present invention provides a method of investigating an rhg1 haplotype of a soybean plant comprising: (A) isolating nucleic acid molecules from the soybean plant; (B) determining the nucleic acid sequence of an rhg1 allele or part thereof; and, (C) comparing the nucleic acid sequence of the rhg1 allele or part thereof to a reference nucleic acid sequence.

As used herein, the term “investigating” refers to any method capable of detecting a feature, such as a polymorphism or haplotype. Nucleic acid molecules only need to be isolated from a soybean plant to the degree of purity necessary for the task required or to a greater purity if desired. A person of ordinary skill in the art has available techniques to isolate nucleic acid molecules from plants to a sufficient purity, for example without limitation, to sequence the desired region of the nucleic acid molecule or to carry out a marker assay.

The determination of an rhg1 or Rhg4 allele or part thereof may be carried out using any technique. Illustration of such techniques include techniques that provide the nucleic acid sequence for an rhg1 or rhg4 allele or part thereof include amplification of a desired allele or part thereof (see, for example, the Examples and SEQ ID NOs: 8-53). In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence determined is that of an exon of an rhg1 allele, more preferably exon 1 or exon 3 of an rhg1 allele, or of an LRR domain. In another preferred embodiment, a single nucleotide is determined. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence determined is that of an LRR domain.

A comparison of a sequence with a reference sequence can be carried out with any appropriate sequence comparison method.

As used herein, a reference sequence is any rhg1 allele sequence or consensus sequence. A reference sequence may be a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the reference sequence is any SCN resistant rhg1 allele sequence. In a further preferred embodiment, the rhg1 reference sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8-23, 28-43, 1097, 1098, and 1100-1115.

The present invention provides a method of investigating an Rhg4 haplotype of a soybean plant comprising: (A) isolating nucleic acid molecules from the soybean plant; (B) determining the nucleic acid sequence of an Rhg4 allele or part thereof; and (C) comparing the nucleic acid sequence of the Rhg4 allele or part thereof to a reference nucleic acid sequence.

As used herein, a reference sequence is any Rhg4 allele sequence or consensus sequence. A reference sequence ma be a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the reference sequence is any SCN resistant Rhg4 allele sequence. In a further preferred embodiment, the Rhg4 reference sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 7, 44-47, 50-53, 1099, and 1116-1119.

The present invention provides a method of introgressing SCN resistance or partial SCN resistance into a soybean plant comprising: performing marker assisted selection of the soybean plant with a nucleic acid marker, wherein the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule having a first nucleic acid sequence that is physically linked to a second nucleic acid sequence that is located on linkage group G of soybean A3244, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is within 500 kb of a third nucleic acid sequence which is capable of specifically hybridizing with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, complements thereof, or fragments thereof; and, selecting the soybean plant based on the marker assisted selection.

The present invention provides a method of introgressing SCN resistance or partial SCN resistance into a soybean plant comprising: performing marker assisted selection of the soybean plant with a nucleic acid marker, wherein the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule having a first nucleic acid sequence that is physically linked to a second nucleic acid sequence that is located on linkage group A2 of soybean A3244, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is within 500 kb of a third nucleic acid sequence which is capable of specifically hybridizing with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, complements thereor, or fragments thereof; and, selecting the soybean plant based on the marker assisted selection. Marker assisted introgression of traits into plants has been reported. Marker assisted introgression involves the transfer of a chromosome region defined by one or more markers from one germplasm to a second germplasm. In a preferred embodiment the introgression is carried out by backcrossing with an rhg1 or Rhg4 SCN resistant soybean recurrent parent.

In light of the current disclosure, plant introductions and germplasm can be screened with a marker nucleic acid molecule of the present invention to screen for alleles of rhg1 or Rhg4 using one or more of techniques disclosed herein or known in the art.

The present invention also provides for parts of the plants produced by a method of the present invention. Plant parts, without limitation, include seed, endosperm, ovule and pollen. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plant part is a seed.

Plants or parts thereof produced by a method of the present invention may be grown in culture and regenerated. Methods for the regeneration of soybean plants from various tissue types and methods for the tissue culture of soybean are known in the art (See, for example, Widholm et al., In Vitro Selection and Culture-induced Variation in Soybean, In Soybean: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Eds. Verma and Shoemaker, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, England (1996)). Regeneration techniques for plants such as soybean can use as the starting material a variety of tissue or cell types. With soybean in particular, regeneration processes have been developed that begin with certain differentiated tissue types such as meristems, Cartha et al., Can. J. Bot. 59:1671-1679 (1981), hypocotyl sections, Cameya et al., Plant Science Letters 21: 289-294 (1981), and stem node segments, Saka et al., Plant Science Letters, 19: 193-201 (1980); Cheng et al., Plant Science Letters, 19: 91-99 (1980). Regeneration of whole sexually mature soybean plants from somatic embryos generated from explants of immature soybean embryos has been reported (Ranch et al., In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 21: 653-658 (1985). Regeneration of mature soybean plants from tissue culture by organogenesis and embryogenesis has also been reported (Barwale et al., Planta 167: 473-481 (1986); Wright et al., Plant Cell Reports 5: 150-154 (1986)).

Agents

One skilled in the art can refer to general reference texts for detailed descriptions of known techniques discussed herein or equivalent techniques. These texts include Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), and supplements through September (1998), Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook et al., 2^(nd) Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual 1: Analyzing DNA, Birren et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1997); Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual 2: Detecting Genes, Birren et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998); Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual 3: Cloning Systems, Birren et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1999); Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual 4: Mapping Genomes, Birren et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1999); Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1997), Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Maliga et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1995). These texts can, of course, also be referred to in making or using an aspect of the invention. It is understood that any of the agents of the invention can be substantially purified and/or be biologically active and/or recombinant.

(a) Nucleic Acid Molecules

Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include, without limitation, nucleic acid molecules having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-1096 and complements thereof. A subset of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that encode a protein or fragment thereof. Another subset of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are cDNA molecules. Another subset of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that are marker molecules. A further subset of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are those nucleic acid molecules having promoter sequences.

Fragment nucleic acid molecules may comprise significant portion(s) of, or indeed most of, these nucleic acid molecules. In preferred embodiments, the fragments may comprise smaller polynucleotides, e.g., oligonucleotides having from about 20 to about 250 nucleotide residues and more preferably, about 20 to about 100 nucleotide residues, or about 40 to about 60 nucleotide residues. In another preferred embodiment, fragment molecules may be at least 15 nucleotides, at least 30 nucleotides, at least 50 nucleotides, or at least 100 nucleotides.

The term “substantially purified,” as used herein, refers to a molecule separated from substantially all other molecules normally associated with it in its native state. More preferably a substantially purified molecule is the predominant species present in a preparation. A substantially purified molecule may be greater than 60% free, preferably 75% free, more preferably 90% free, and most preferably 95% free from the other molecules (exclusive of solvent) present in the natural mixture. The term “substantially purified” is not intended to encompass molecules present in their native state.

The agents of the present invention will preferably be “biologically active” with respect to either a structural attribute, such as the capacity of a nucleic acid to hybridize to another nucleic acid molecule, or the ability of a protein to be bound by an antibody (or to compete with another molecule for such binding). Alternatively, such an attribute may be catalytic and thus involve the capacity of the agent to mediate a chemical reaction or response.

The agents of the present invention may also be recombinant. As used herein, the term recombinant describes (a) nucleic acid molecules that are constructed or modified outside of cells and that can replicate or function in a living cell, (b) molecules that result from the transcription, replication or translation of recombinant nucleic acid molecules, or (c) organisms that contain recombinant nucleic acid molecules or are modified using recombinant nucleic acid molecules.

It is understood that the agents of the present invention may be labeled with reagents that facilitate detection of the agent, e.g., fluorescent labels, (Prober et al., Science 238:336-340 (1987); Albarella et al., EP 144914), chemical labels, (Sheldon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,789; Albarella et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,417), and modified bases, (Miyoshi et al., EP 119448) including nucleotides with radioactive elements, e.g., ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S or ¹²⁵I, such as ³²P dCTP.

It is further understood, that the present invention provides recombinant bacterial, animal, fungal and plant cells and viral constructs comprising the agents of the present invention.

Nucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof of the present invention are capable of specifically hybridizing to other nucleic acid molecules under certain circumstances. As used herein, two nucleic acid molecules are said to be capable of specifically hybridizing to one another if the two molecules are capable of forming an anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure. A nucleic acid molecule is said to be the “complement” of another nucleic acid molecule if they exhibit “complete complementarity,” i.e., each nucleotide in one sequence is complementary to its base pairing partner nucleotide in another sequence. Two molecules are said to be “minimally complementary” if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under at least conventional “low-stringency” conditions. Similarly, the molecules are said to be “complementary” if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under conventional “high-stringency” conditions. Nucleic acid molecules which hybridize to other nucleic acid molecules, e.g., at least under low stringency conditions are said to be “hybridizable cognates” of the other nucleic acid molecules. Conventional stringency conditions are described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and by Haymes et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985). Departures from complete complementarity are therefore permissible, as long as such departures do not completely preclude the capacity of the molecules to form a double-stranded structure. Thus, in order for a nucleic acid molecule to serve as a primer or probe it need only be sufficiently complementary in sequence to be able to form a stable double-stranded structure under the particular solvent and salt concentrations employed.

Appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization, for example, 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C., are known to those skilled in the art or can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or either the temperature or the salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed.

In a preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid of the present invention will specifically hybridize to one or more of the nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof under moderately stringent conditions, for example at about 2.0×SSC and about 65° C.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid of the present invention will include those nucleic acid molecules that specifically hybridize to one or more of the nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof under high stringency conditions such as 0.2×SSC and about 65° C.

In one aspect of the present invention, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention comprise one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof or fragments of either. In another aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention share at least 60% sequence identity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof or fragments of either. In a further aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention share at least 70% or more, e.g., at least 80%, sequence identity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof or fragments of either. In a more preferred aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention share at least 90% or more, e.g., at least 95% and up to 100% sequence identity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 complements thereof or fragments of either.

As used herein “sequence identity” refers to the extent to which two optimally aligned polynucleotide or peptide sequences are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, e.g., nucleotides or amino acids. An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical components which are shared by the two aligned sequences divided by the total number of components in reference sequence segment, i.e., the entire reference sequence or a smaller defined part of the reference sequence. “Percent identity” is the identity fraction times 100.

Useful methods for determining sequence identity are disclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, and Carillo, H., and Lipton, D., SIAM J Applied Math (1988) 48:1073. More particularly, preferred computer programs for determining sequence identity include the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) programs which are publicly available from National Center Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20894; see BLAST Manual, Altschul et al., NCBI, NLM, NIH; Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990); version 2.0 or higher of BLAST programs allows the introduction of gaps (deletions and insertions) into alignments; BLASTX can be used to determine sequence identity between a polynucleotide sequence query and a protein sequence database; and, BLASTN can be used to determine sequence identity between sequences.

For purposes of this invention “percent identity” shall be determined using BLASTX version 2.0.14 (default parameters), BLASTN version 2.0.14, or BLASTP 2.0.14.

A particularly preferred group of nucleic acid sequences are those present in the soybean insert of the clones set forth in table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Names of Clones Containing the Specified Gene Line Rhg4 rhg1/frag 1 rhg1/frag 2 Forrest Forrest 1 Forrest 7 Forrest13 Peking Peking 1 Peking 7 Peking 13 Pickett Pickett 1 Pickett 7 Pickett 13 PI84751 PI 84751.1 PI 84751.7 PI 84751.13 PI87631 PI 87631.1 PI 87631.7 PI 87631.13 PI87631-1 PI 87631-1.1 PI 87631-1.13 PI88788R PI88788R.1 PI 88788R.7 PI 88788R.13 PI89772 PI 89772.13 PI90763 PI 90763.7 PI 90763.13 PI200499 PI 200499.1 PI 200499.7 PI 200499.13 PI209332 PI 209332.1 PI 209332.13 PI404166 PI 404166.1 PI 404166.7 PI 404166.13 PI404198A PI 404198A.7 PI 404198A.13 PI404198B PI 404198B.1 PI 404198B.7 PI404198B.13 PI437654 PI 437654.1 PI 437654.7 PI 437654.13 PI438489B PI 438489.1 PI 438489.7 PI 438489B.13 PI467312 PI 467312.1 PI 467312.7 PI 467312.13 PI507354 PI 507354.1 PI 507354.7 PI 507354.13 PI423871 PI 423871.1 PI 423871.7 PI 423871.13 PI407922 PI 407922.7 PI 407922.13 PI360843 PI 360843.1 PI 360843.7 PI 360843.13 A2869 A2869.1 A2869.7 A2869.13 A2069 A2069.1 A2069.13 Jack JACK1 JACK13 Will WILL1 WILL.7 WILL13 Minsoy Minsoy1 Minsoy.7 MINSOY13 Noir Noir1 Noir.7 NOIR13 Hutcheson Hutcheson1 Hutcheson.7 Hutcheson.13 A1923 A1923.1 A1923.7 A1923.13 A2704 A2704.7 A2704.13 Essex Essex1 Essex.7 ESSEX13 A3244 A3244.1 A3244.7 A3244.13 Lee74 Lee74.1 Lee74.7 Lee74.13 PI437654 R107C17.7 R107C17.13

Table 5 shows clones comprising rhg1 and Rhg4 sequences. The “Lines” column indicates the cultivar from which the sequence in the clone is derived. The Rhg4, rhg1/frag1, and rhg1/frag2 columns show the clones derived from the lines that have the Rhg4, rhg1 fragment 1, or rhg1 fragment 2, respectively. Rhg4 is amplified with SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, which produces a 3.5 kb product. rhg1 fragment 1 is amplified with SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 25, which produces a 2.9 kb product, and rhg1 fragment 2 is amplified with SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 27, which produces a 1.75 kb product. All fragments are subcloned into a pCR4-TOPO vector.

(i) Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Proteins or Fragments Thereof

A) rhg1

The present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that code for an rhg1 protein or fragment thereof. Examples of such nucleic acid molecules include those that code for the proteins set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1097, 1100, 1098, 1101, and 1102-1115. Examples of illustrative fragment molecules include, without limitation, an extracellular LRR domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 164-457; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 141-434), a transmembrane domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 508-530; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 33-51 and 485-507), and an STK domain (rhg1, v.1, SEQ ID NO: 1097, residues 578-869; rhg1, v.2, SEQ ID NO: 1098, residues 555-846). Examples of illustrative nucleic acid molecules include SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 8-23, and 28-43.

B) Rhg4

The present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that code for an Rhg4 protein or fragment thereof. Examples of such nucleic acid molecules include those that code for the proteins set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1099 and 1116-1119. Examples of illustrative fragment molecules include, without limitation, an extracellular LRR domain (SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 34-44), a transmembrane domain (SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 449-471), and an STK domain (SEQ ID NO: 1099, residues 531-830). Examples of illustrative nucleic acid molecules include SEQ ID NOs: 7, 44-47, and 50-53.

C) Rhg1 and Rhg4

In another further aspect of the present invention, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can comprise sequences which differ from those encoding a protein or fragment thereof in SEQ ID NO: 1097 through SEQ ID NO: 1119 due to fact that the different nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having one or more conservative amino acid changes. It is understood that codons capable of coding for such conservative amino acid substitutions are known in the art.

It is well known in the art that one or more amino acids in a native sequence can be substituted with another amino acid(s), the charge and polarity of which are similar to that of the native amino acid, i.e., a conservative amino acid substitution. Conserved substitutions for an amino acid within the native polypeptide sequence can be selected from other members of the class to which the naturally occurring amino acid belongs. Amino acids can be divided into the following four groups: (1) acidic amino acids, (2) basic amino acids, (3) neutral polar amino acids, and (4) neutral nonpolar amino acids. Representative amino acids within these various groups include, but are not limited to: (1) acidic (negatively charged) amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; (2) basic (positively charged) amino acids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine; (3) neutral polar amino acids such as glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; and (4) neutral nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids such as alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine.

Conservative amino acid changes within the native polypeptides sequence can be made by substituting one amino acid within one of these groups with another amino acid within the same group. Biologically functional equivalents of the proteins or fragments thereof of the present invention can have ten or fewer conservative amino acid changes, more preferably seven or fewer conservative amino acid changes, and most preferably five or fewer conservative amino acid changes. The encoding nucleotide sequence will thus have corresponding base substitutions, permitting it to encode biologically functional equivalent forms of the proteins or fragments of the present invention.

It is understood that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss of interactive binding capacity with structures such as, for example, antigen-binding regions of antibodies or binding sites on substrate molecules. Because it is the interactive capacity and nature of a protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a protein sequence and, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence and, nevertheless, obtain a protein with like properties. It is thus contemplated by the inventors that various changes may be made in the peptide sequences of the proteins or fragments of the present invention, or corresponding DNA sequences that encode said peptides, without appreciable loss of their biological utility or activity. It is understood that codons capable of coding for such amino acid changes are known in the art.

In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle, J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105-132 (1982). It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and the like. In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ±2 is preferred, those which are within ±1 are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even more particularly preferred.

It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as govern by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a biological property of the protein. In a further aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention differ in nucleic acid sequence from those encoding a peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1097 through SEQ ID NO: 1119 or fragment thereof due to the fact that one or more codons encoding an amino acid has been substituted for a codon that encodes a nonessential substitution of the amino acid originally encoded.

Agents of the invention include nucleic acid molecules that encode at least about a contiguous 10 amino acid region of a protein of the present invention, more preferably at least about a contiguous 11 to 14 or larger amino acid region of a protein of the present invention. It is understood that the present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that specifically hybridize or exhibit a particular identity to the nucleic acid molecules described in (i). See (a) above.

(ii) Nucleic Acid Molecule Markers and Collections of Such Molecules

One aspect of the present invention concerns nucleic acid molecules of the present invention that can act as markers. As used herein, a “marker” is an indicator for the presence of at least one phenotype or polymorphism, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cleaveable amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), or random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). A “nucleic acid marker” as used herein means a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of being a marker for detecting a polymorphism or phenotype.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group SEQ NOs: 1-1096 and complements thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid marker is capable of detecting an rhg1 SNP or INDEL set forth in table 2. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid marker is capable of detecting an Rgh4 SNP or INDEL set forth in table 4. In another preferred embodiment the nucleic acid marker is a nucleic acid molecule capable of acting as a PCR primer to amplify an rhg1 or Rhg4 coding region. Examples of such primers include, without limitation, nucleic acid molecules having a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 401-1096 and complements thereof. Such primers can be used in pairs to amplify a region (amplicons, e.g., without limitation, SEQ ID NOs: 54-400) that can be further investigated using techniques known in the art such as nucleic acid sequencing. Preferred pairs are those with identical “Seq ID” (see Description of the Sequence Listing) except for the fact that one “Seq ID” recites forward primer and one recites reverse primer.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence that is present on linkage group G within 500 kb or 100 kb, more preferably within 50 kb, even more preferably within 25 kb of an rhg1 allele, where the Rgh4 allele is preferably a sensitive allele, and more preferably a sensitive allele from A3244. In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid marker specifically hybridizes to M5 a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence that is present on linkage group A2 within 500 kb or 100 kb, more preferably within 50 kb, even more preferably within 25 kb of an Rhg4 allele, where the Rgh4 allele is preferably a sensitive allele, and more preferably a sensitive allele from A3244.

As used herein, a “collection of nucleic acid molecules” is a population of nucleic acid molecules where at least two, preferably all, of the nucleic acid molecules differ, at least in part, in their nucleic acid sequence. It is understood, that as used herein, an individual species within a collection of nucleic acid molecules may be physically separate or alternatively not physically separate from one or more other species within the collection of nucleic acid molecules. An example of a situation where individual species may be physically separate but considered a collection of nucleic acid molecules is where more than two species are present in a single location such as an array.

As used herein, where a collection of nucleic acid molecules is a marker for a particular attribute, the level, pattern, occurrence and/or absence of the nucleic acid molecules associated with the attribute are not required to be the same between species of the collection. For example, the increase in the level of a species when in combination with the decrease in a second species could be diagnostic for a particular attribute. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the level, pattern, occurrence and/or absence of a nucleic acid molecule and/or collection of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention is a marker for SCN resistance.

In one embodiment, the marker is any nucleic acid molecule that specifically hybridizes to any nucleic acid sequence set forth herein. In another embodiment, the marker is a marker capable of distinguishing among the haplotypes of either rhg1 or Rhg4. In yet another embodiment, more than one marker is used to simultaneously distinguish more than one haplotype. In a preferred embodiment, two, three, four, six, eight, twenty five or fifty or more nucleic acid markers are used simultaneously. In another embodiment, one or more markers that are capable of distinguishing among the haplotypes of rhg1 and one or more markers that are capable of distinguishing among the haplotypes of Rhg4 are used together.

(iii) Nucleic Acid Molecules Having Promoter Sequences and Other Regulatory Sequences

The present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that are an rhg1 or Rhg4 promoter or fragment thereof. Examples of such nucleic acid molecules include those set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, upstream of coordinate 45163 and SEQ ID NO: 3, upstream of coordinate 46798. As used herein a promoter is a nucleic acid sequence that when joined with a coding region is capable of expressing the protein or fragment thereof so encoded. In a preferred embodiment the promoter sequence corresponds to between 500 nucleotides and 5,000 nucleotides or between 300 nucleotides and 700 nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 between coordinates 45163 and 40163, or SEQ ID NO:3 between coordinates 46798 and 41798, or the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 between coordinates 111805 and 106805 Preferred partial promoter regions include the TATA box region, e.g. at coordinates 44234 through 44246 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and at coordinates 107826 through 107835 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and CAAT box region, e.g. at coordinates 106243 through 106259 of SEQ ID NO: 4.

Other regulatory sequences include introns or 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) associated with rhg1 and Rhg4. In a preferred embodiment, an intron is selected from a nucleic acid comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2 (rhg1 v.1 at coordinates 45315-45449, 45510-46940, and 48764-48974), SEQ ID NO: 3 (rhg1 v.2 at coordinates 48764-48974) and SEQ ID NO: 4 (Rhg4 at coordinates 113969-114683). In another preferred embodiment, a 3′UTR is located within 5,000 nucleotides, more preferable within 1000 nucleotides in the 3′ direction of the last coding nucleotide of either rhg1 or Rhg4 (SEQ ID NO: 2, rhg1 v.1, coordinate 49573, SEQ ID NO: 3, rhg1, v.2, coordinate 49573, SEQ ID NO: 4, Rhg4, coordinate 115204).

It is understood that the present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that specifically hybridize or exhibit a particular identity to the nucleic acid molecules described in (iii). See (a) above.

(b) Protein and Peptide Molecules

A class of agents comprises one or more of the protein or peptide molecules encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1097 through SEQ ID NO: 1119 or one or more of the protein or fragment thereof or peptide molecules encoded by other nucleic acid agents of the present invention. As used herein, the term “protein molecule” and “peptide molecule” mean any protein or protein fragment or peptide or polypeptide molecule that comprises ten or more amino acids, preferably at least 11 or 12 or more, more preferably at least 13 or 14 amino acids. It is well know in the art that proteins may undergo modification, including post-translational modifications, such as, but not limited to, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, or oligomerization. Thus, as used herein, the terms “protein molecule” and “peptide molecule” include molecules that are modified by any biological or non-biological process. The terms “amino acid” and “amino acids” refer to all naturally occurring L-amino acids. This definition is meant to include norleucine, ornithine, homocysteine, and homoserine.

One or more of the protein or peptide molecules may be produced via chemical synthesis, or more preferably, by expression in a suitable bacterial or eukaryotic host. Suitable methods for expression are described by Sambrook, et al., (In: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), or similar texts.

Another class of agents comprise protein or peptide molecules encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1097 through SEQ ID NO: 1119 or complements thereof or, fragments or fusions thereof in which non-essential, or not relevant, amino acid residues have been added, replaced, or deleted. An example of such a homolog is a protein homolog of each soybean species, including but not limited to alfalfa, barley, Brassica, broccoli, cabbage, citrus, garlic, oat, oilseed rape, onion, canola, flax, pea, peanut, pepper, potato, rye, soybean, strawberry, sugarcane, sugarbeet, soybean, maize, rice, cotton, sorghum, Arabidopsis, wheat, pine, fir, eucalyptus, apple, lettuce, peas, lentils, grape, banana, tea, turf grasses, etc. Particularly preferred non-soybean plants to utilize for the isolation of homologs would include alfalfa, barley, oat, oilseed rape, canola, ornamentals, sugarcane, sugarbeet, soybean, maize, rice, cotton, sorghum, Arabidopsis, wheat, potato, and turf grasses. Such a homolog can be obtained by any of a variety of methods. Most preferably, as indicated above, one or more of the disclosed sequences (SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 or complements thereof) will be used to define a pair of primers that may be used to isolate the protein homolog-encoding nucleic acid molecules from any desired species. Such molecules can be expressed to yield protein homologs by recombinant means.

(c) Plant Constructs and Plant Transformants

One or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be used in plant transformation or transfection. Exogenous genetic material may be transferred into a plant cell and the plant cell regenerated into a whole, fertile or sterile plant. Exogenous genetic material is any genetic material, whether naturally occurring or otherwise, from any source that is capable of being inserted into any organism. In a preferred embodiment the exogenous genetic material includes a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, preferably a nucleic acid molecule having at least 20 nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 1096 and complements thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule codes for a protein or fragment thereof described in Section (i). In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is a promoter or fragment thereof described in Section (iii).

Such genetic material may be transferred into either monocotyledons and dicotyledons including, but not limited to tomato, eggplant, maize, soybean, Arabidopsis, phaseolus, peanut, alfalfa, wheat, rice, oat, sorghum, rye, tritordeum, millet, fescue, perennial ryegrass, sugarcane, cranberry, papaya, banana, banana, muskmelon, apple, cucumber, dendrobium, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, liliacea, cotton, eucalyptus, sunflower, canola, turfgrass, sugarbeet, coffee and dioscorea (Christou, In: Particle Bombardment for Genetic Engineering of Plants, Biotechnology Intelligence Unit. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1996).

In a preferred embodiment, the genetic material is transferred to a soybean. Preferred soybeans to transfer an rhg1 SCN resistance allele are selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI200499, A2869, Jack, A2069, PI209332 (No:4), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), PI404198 (Sun huan do), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (rokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI84751, PI437654, PI40792, Pyramid, Nathan, AG2201, A3469, AG3901, A3904, AG4301, AG4401, AG4501, AG4601, PION9492, PI88788, Dyer, Custer, Manokin, and Doles.

Preferred soybeans to transfer an Rhg4 SCN resistance allele are selected from the group consisting of PI548402 (Peking), PI437654 (Er-hej-jan), PI438489 (Chiquita), PI507354 (Tokei 421), PI548655 (Forrest), PI548988 (Pickett), PI88788, PI404198 (Sun Huan Do), PI404166 (Krasnoaarmejkaja), Hartwig, Manokin, Doles, Dyer, and Custer.

Transfer of a nucleic acid that encodes for a protein can result in overexpression of that protein in a transformed cell or transgenic plant. One or more of the proteins or fragments thereof encoded by nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be overexpressed in a transformed cell or transformed plant. Such overexpression may be the result of transient or stable transfer of the exogenous genetic material. Such overexpression can also result in SCN resistance to one or more races of SCN.

Exogenous genetic material may be transferred into a host cell by the use of a DNA vector or construct designed for such a purpose. Design of such a vector is generally within the skill of the art (See, Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark (ed.), Springier, New York (1997).

A construct or vector may include a plant promoter to express the protein or protein fragment of choice. A number of promoters, which are active in plant cells, have been described in the literature. These include the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter (Ebert et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:5745-5749 (1987), the octopine synthase (OCS) promoter (which are carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens), the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S promoter (Lawton et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324 (1987), and the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985), the figwort mosaic virus 35S-promoter, the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO), the Adh promoter (Walker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:6624-6628 (1987), the sucrose synthase promoter (Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:4144-4148 (1990), the R gene complex promoter (Chandler et al., The Plant Cell 1:1175-1183 (1989), and the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter, etc. These promoters have been used to create DNA constructs that have been expressed in plants; see, e.g., PCT publication WO 84/02913. The CaMV 35S promoters are preferred for use in plants. Promoters known or found to cause transcription of DNA in plant cells can be used in the invention.

For the purpose of expression in source tissues of the plant, such as the leaf, seed, root or stem, it is preferred that the promoters utilized have relatively high expression in these specific tissues. Tissue-specific expression of a protein of the present invention is a particularly preferred embodiment. For this purpose, one may choose from a number of promoters for genes with tissue- or cell-specific or -enhanced expression. Examples of such promoters reported in the literature include the chloroplast glutamine synthetase GS2 promoter from pea (Edwards et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:3459-3463 (1990), the chloroplast fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase) promoter from wheat (Lloyd et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:209-216 (1991), the nuclear photosynthetic ST-LS1 promoter from potato (Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8:2445-2451 (1989), the STK (PAL) promoter and the glucoamylase (CHS) promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Also reported to be active in photosynthetically active tissues are the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RbcS) promoter from eastern larch (Larix laricina), the promoter for the cab gene, cab6, from pine (Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 35:773-778 (1994), the promoter for the Cab-1 gene from wheat (Fejes et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15:921-932 (1990), the promoter for the CAB-1 gene from spinach (Lubberstedt et al., Plant Physiol. 104:997-1006 (1994), the promoter for the cab1R gene from rice (Luan et al., Plant Cell. 4:971-981 (1992), the pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) promoter from maize (Matsuoka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 90: 9586-9590 (1993), the promoter for the tobacco Lhcb1*2 gene (Cerdan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 33:245-255 (1997), the Arabidopsis thaliana SUC2 sucrose-H+ symporter promoter (Truemit et al., Planta. 196:564-570 (1995), and the promoter for the thylakoid membrane proteins from spinach (psaD, psaF, psaE, PC, FNR, atpC, atpD, cab, rbcS). Other promoters for the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins may also be utilized in the invention, such as the promoters for LhcB gene and PsbP gene from white mustard (Sinapis alba; Kretsch et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 28:219-229 (1995)).

For the purpose of expression in sink tissues of the plant, such as the tuber of the potato plant, the fruit of tomato, or the seed of maize, wheat, rice and barley, it is preferred that the promoters utilized in the invention have relatively high expression in these specific tissues. A number of promoters for genes with tuber-specific or -enhanced expression are known, including the class I patatin promoter (Bevan et al., EMBO J. 8:1899-1906 (1986); Jefferson et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14:995-1006 (1990)), the promoter for the potato tuber ADPGPP genes, both the large and small subunits, the sucrose synthase promoter (Salanoubat and Belliard, Gene 60:47-56 (1987), Salanoubat and Belliard, Gene 84:181-185 (1989)), the promoter for the major tuber proteins including the 22 kd protein complexes and proteinase inhibitors (Hannapel, Plant Physiol. 101:703-704 (1993)), the promoter for the granule bound starch synthase gene (GBSS) (Visser et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 17:691-699 (1991)), and other class I and II patatins promoters (Koster-Topfer et al., Mol Gen Genet. 219:390-396 (1989); Mignery et al., Gene. 62:27-44 (1988)).

Other promoters can also be used to express a protein or fragment thereof in specific tissues, such as seeds or fruits. The promoter for β-conglycinin (Chen et al., Dev. Genet. 10: 112-122 (1989)) or other seed-specific promoters such as the napin and phaseolin promoters, can be used. The zeins are a group of storage proteins found in maize endosperm. Genomic clones for zein genes have been isolated (Pedersen et al., Cell 29:1015-1026 (1982)) and the promoters from these clones, including the 15 kD, 16 kD, 19 kD, 22 kD, 27 kD and genes, could also be used. Other promoters known to function, for example, in maize include the promoters for the following genes: waxy, Brittle, Shrunken 2, Branching enzymes I and II, starch synthases, debranching enzymes, oleosins, glutelins and sucrose synthases. A particularly preferred promoter for maize endosperm expression is the promoter for the glutelin gene from rice, more particularly the Osgt-1 promoter (Zheng et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 13:5829-5842 (1993)). Examples of promoters suitable for expression in wheat include those promoters for the ADPglucose pyrosynthase (ADPGPP) subunits, the granule bound and other starch synthase, the branching and debranching enzymes, the embryogenesis-abundant proteins, the gliadins and the glutenins. Examples of such promoters in rice include those promoters for the ADPGPP subunits, the granule bound and other starch synthase, the branching enzymes, the debranching enzymes, sucrose synthases and the glutelins. A particularly preferred promoter is the promoter for rice glutelin, Osgt-1. Examples of such promoters for barley include those for the ADPGPP subunits, the granule bound and other starch synthase, the branching enzymes, the debranching enzymes, sucrose synthases, the hordeins, the embryo globulins and the aleurone specific proteins.

Root specific promoters may also be used. An example of such a promoter is the promoter for the acid chitinase gene (Samac et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 25:587-596 (1994)). Expression in root tissue could also be accomplished by utilizing the root specific subdomains of the CaMV35S promoter that have been identified (Lam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:7890-7894 (1989)). Other root cell specific promoters include those reported by Conkling et al. (Conkling et al., Plant Physiol. 93:1203-1211 (1990)).

Additional promoters that may be utilized are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,619; 5,391,725; 5,428,147; 5,447,858; 5,608,144; 5,608,144; 5,614,399; 5,633,441; 5,633,435; and 4,633,436. In addition, a tissue specific enhancer may be used (From et al., The Plant Cell 1:977-984 (1989)).

Preferred promoters are those set forth in Section (a)(iii) of Agents.

Constructs or vectors may also include, with the coding region of interest, a nucleic acid sequence that acts, in whole or in part, to terminate transcription of that region. A number of such sequences have been isolated, including the Tr7 3′ sequence and the NOS 3′ sequence (Ingelbrecht et al., The Plant Cell 1:671-680 (1989); Bevan et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 11:369-385 (1983)).

A vector or construct may also include regulatory elements. Examples of such include the Adh intron 1 (Callis et al., Genes and Develop. 1:1183-1200 (1987)), the sucrose synthase intron (Vasil et al., Plant Physiol. 91:1575-1579 (1989)) and the TMV omega element (Gallie et al., The Plant Cell 1:301-311 (1989)). These and other regulatory elements may be included when appropriate.

A vector or construct may also include a selectable marker. Selectable markers may also be used to select for plants or plant cells that contain the exogenous genetic material. Examples of such include, but are not limited to: a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,322), which codes for kanamycin resistance and can be selected for using kanamycin, G418, etc.; a bar gene which codes for bialaphos resistance; genes which encode glyphosate resistance (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,940,835; 5,188,642; 4,971,908; 5,627,061); a nitrilase gene which confers resistance to bromoxynil (Stalker et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263:6310-6314 (1988)); a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) which confers imidazolinone or sulphonylurea resistance (European Patent Application 154,204 (Sep. 11, 1985)); and a methotrexate resistant DHFR gene (Thillet et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263:12500-12508 (1988)).

A vector or construct may also include DNA sequence which encodes a transit peptide. Incorporation of a suitable chloroplast transit peptide may also be employed (European Patent Application Publication Number 0218571). Translational enhancers may also be incorporated as part of the vector DNA. DNA constructs could contain one or more 5′ non-translated leader sequences which may serve to enhance expression of the gene products from the resulting mRNA transcripts. Such sequences may be derived from the promoter selected to express the gene or can be specifically modified to increase translation of the mRNA. Such regions may also be obtained from viral RNAs, from suitable eukaryotic genes, or from a synthetic gene sequence. For a review of optimizing expression of transgenes, see Koziel et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32:393-405 (1996).

A vector or construct may also include a screenable marker. Screenable markers may be used to monitor expression. Exemplary screenable markers include: a β-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (Jefferson, Plant Mol. Biol, Rep. 5:387-405 (1987); Jefferson et al., EMBO J. 6:3901-3907 (1987)); an R-locus gene, which encodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissues (Dellaporta et al., Stadler Symposium 11:263-282 (1988)); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 75:3737-3741 (1978)), a gene which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, a chromogenic cephalosporin); a luciferase gene (Ow et al., Science 234:856-859 (1986)); a xylE gene (Zukowsky et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 80:1101-1105 (1983)) which encodes a catechol dioxygenase that can convert chromogenic catechols; an α-amylase gene (Ikatu et al., Bio/Technol. 8:241-242 (1990)); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2703-2714 (1983)) which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone which in turn condenses to melanin; an α-galactosidase, which will turn a chromogenic α-galactose substrate.

Included within the terms “selectable or screenable marker genes” are also genes which encode a secretable marker whose secretion can be detected as a means of identifying or selecting for transformed cells. Examples include markers which encode a secretable antigen that can be identified by antibody interaction, or even secretable enzymes which can be detected catalytically. Secretable proteins fall into a number of classes, including small, diffusible proteins which are detectable, (e.g., by ELISA), small active enzymes which are detectable in extracellular solution (e.g., α-amylase, β-lactamase, phosphinothricin transferase), or proteins which are inserted or trapped in the cell wall (such as proteins which include a leader sequence such as that found in the expression unit of extension or tobacco PR-S). Other possible selectable and/or screenable marker genes will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

There are many methods for introducing transforming nucleic acid molecules into plant cells. Suitable methods are believed to include virtually any method by which nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into a cell, such as by Agrobacterium infection or direct delivery of nucleic acid molecules such as, for example, by PEG-mediated transformation, by electroporation or by acceleration of DNA coated particles, etc (Potrykus, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:205-225 (1991); Vasil, Plant Mol. Biol. 25:925-937 (1994)). For example, electroporation has been used to transform maize protoplasts (Fromm et al., Nature 312:791-793 (1986)).

Other vector systems suitable for introducing transforming DNA into a host plant cell include but are not limited to binary artificial chromosome (BIBAC) vectors (Hamilton et al., Gene 200:107-116 (1997)); and transfection with RNA viral vectors (Della-Cioppa et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1996), 792 (Engineering Plants for Commercial Products and Applications), 57-61). Additional vector systems also include plant selectable YAC vectors such as those described in Mullen et al., Molecular Breeding 4:449-457 (1988)).

Technology for introduction of DNA into cells is well known to those of skill in the art. Four general methods for delivering a gene into cells have been described: (1) chemical methods (Graham and van der Eb, Virology 54:536-539 (1973)); (2) physical methods such as microinjection (Capecchi, Cell 22:479-488 (1980)), electroporation (Wong and Neumann, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107:584-587 (1982); Fromm et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 82:5824-5828 (1985); U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253); and the gene gun (Johnston and Tang, Methods Cell Biol. 43:353-365 (1994)); (3) viral vectors (Clapp, Clin. Perinatol. 20:155-168 (1993); Lu et al., J. Exp. Med 178:2089-2096 (1993); Eglitis and Anderson, Biotechniques 6:608-614 (1988)); and (4) receptor-mediated mechanisms (Curiel et al., Hum. Gen. Ther. 3:147-154 (1992), Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 89:6099-6103 (1992)).

Acceleration methods that may be used include, for example, microprojectile bombardment and the like. One example of a method for delivering transforming nucleic acid molecules to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. This method has been reviewed by Yang and Christou (eds.), Particle Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer, Oxford Press, Oxford, England (1994)). Non-biological particles (microprojectiles) that may be coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, gold, platinum and the like.

A particular advantage of microprojectile bombardment, in addition to it being an effective means of reproducibly transforming monocots, is that neither the isolation of protoplasts (Cristou et al., Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (1988)) nor the susceptibility of Agrobacterium infection are required. An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into maize cells by acceleration is a biolistics α-particle delivery system, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a filter surface covered with corn cells cultured in suspension. Gordon-Kamm et al., describes the basic procedure for coating tungsten particles with DNA (Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603-618 (1990)). The screen disperses the tungsten nucleic acid particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. A particle delivery system suitable for use with the invention is the helium acceleration PDS-1000/He gun is available from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.)(Sanford et al., Technique 3:3-16 (1991)).

For the bombardment, cells in suspension may be concentrated on filters. Filters containing the cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the microprojectile stopping plate. If desired, one or more screens are also positioned between the gun and the cells to be bombarded.

Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the microprojectile stopping plate. If desired, one or more screens are also positioned between the acceleration device and the cells to be bombarded. Through the use of techniques set forth herein one may obtain up to 1000 or more foci of cells transiently expressing a screenable or selectable marker gene. The number of cells in a focus which express the exogenous gene product 48 hours post-bombardment often range from one to ten and average one to three.

In bombardment transformation, one may optimize the pre-bombardment culturing conditions and the bombardment parameters to yield the maximum numbers of stable transformants. Both the physical and biological parameters for bombardment are important in this technology. Physical factors are those that involve manipulating the DNA/microprojectile precipitate or those that affect the flight and velocity of either the macro- or microprojectiles. Biological factors include all steps involved in manipulation of cells before and immediately after bombardment, the osmotic adjustment of target cells to help alleviate the trauma associated with bombardment and also the nature of the transforming DNA, such as linearized DNA or intact supercoiled plasmids. It is believed that pre-bombardment manipulations are especially important for successful transformation of immature embryos.

In another alternative embodiment, plastids can be stably transformed. Methods disclosed for plastid transformation in higher plants include the particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination (Svab et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:8526-8530 (1990); Svab and Maliga, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 90:913-917 (1993); Staub and Maliga, EMBO J. 12:601-606 (1993); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,451,513 and 5,545,818).

Accordingly, it is contemplated that one may wish to adjust various aspects of the bombardment parameters in small-scale studies to fully optimize the conditions. One may particularly wish to adjust physical parameters such as gap distance, flight distance, tissue distance and helium pressure. One may also minimize the trauma reduction factors by modifying conditions which influence the physiological state of the recipient cells and which may therefore influence transformation and integration efficiencies. For example, the osmotic state, tissue hydration and the subculture stage or cell cycle of the recipient cells may be adjusted for optimum transformation. The execution of other routine adjustments will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system for introducing genes into plant cells because the DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated E15s plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art. See, for example the methods described by Fraley et al., Bio/Technology 3:629-635 (1985) and Rogers et al., Methods Enzymol. 153:253-277 (1987). Further, the integration of the T-DNA is a relatively precise process resulting in few rearrangements. The region of DNA to be transferred is defined by the border sequences and intervening DNA is usually inserted into the plant genome as described (Spielmann et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 205:34 (1986)).

Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations as described (Klee et al., In: Plant DNA Infectious Agents, Hohn and Schell (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 179-203 (1985)). Moreover, technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes and are suitable for present purposes (Rogers et al., Methods Enzymol. 153:253-277 (1987)). In addition, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for the transformations. In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene transfer.

A transgenic plant formed using Agrobacterium transformation methods typically contains a single gene on one chromosome. Such transgenic plants can be referred to as being heterozygous for the added gene. More preferred is a transgenic plant that is homozygous for the added structural gene; i.e., a transgenic plant that contains two added genes, one gene at the same locus on each chromosome of a chromosome pair. A homozygous transgenic plant can be obtained by sexually mating (selfing) an independent segregant transgenic plant that contains a single added gene, germinating some of the seed produced and analyzing the resulting plants produced for the gene of interest.

It is also to be understood that two different transgenic plants can also be mated to produce offspring that contain two independently segregating, exogenous genes. Selfing of appropriate progeny can produce plants that are homozygous for both added, exogenous genes that encode a polypeptide of interest. Backcrossing to a parental plant and out-crossing with a non-transgenic plant are also contemplated, as is vegetative propagation.

Transformation of plant protoplasts can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation and combinations of these treatments (See, for example, Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 205:193-200 (1986); Lorz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:178 (1985); Fromm et al., Nature 319:791 (1986); Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:204 (1986); Marcotte et al., Nature 335:454-457 (1988)).

Application of these systems to different plant strains depends upon the ability to regenerate that particular plant strain from protoplasts. Illustrative methods for the regeneration of cereals from protoplasts are described (Fujimura et al., Plant Tissue Culture Letters 2:74 (1985); Toriyama et al., Theor Appl. Genet. 205:34 (1986); Yamada et al., Plant Cell Rep. 4:85 (1986); Abdullah et al., Biotechnology 4:1087 (1986)).

To transform plant strains that cannot be successfully regenerated from protoplasts, other ways to introduce DNA into intact cells or tissues can be utilized. For example, regeneration of cereals from immature embryos or explants can be effected as described (Vasil, Biotechnology 6:397 (1988)). In addition, “particle gun” or high-velocity microprojectile technology can be utilized (Vasil et al., Bio/Technology 10:667 (1992)).

Using the latter technology, DNA is carried through the cell wall and into the cytoplasm on the surface of small metal particles as described (Klein et al., Nature 328:70 (1987); Klein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:8502-8505 (1988); McCabe et al., Bio/Technology 6:923 (1988)). The metal particles penetrate through several layers of cells and thus allow the transformation of cells within tissue explants.

The regeneration, development and cultivation of plants from single plant protoplast transformants or from various transformed explants are well known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, In: Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., (1988)). This regeneration and growth process typically includes the steps of selection of transformed cells, culturing those individualized cells through the usual stages of embryonic development through the rooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarly regenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil.

The development or regeneration of plants containing the foreign, exogenous gene that encodes a protein of interest is well known in the art. Preferably, the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygous transgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of these important lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants. A transgenic plant of the invention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art.

There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from plant tissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on the starting plant tissue and the particular plant species to be regenerated.

Methods for transforming dicots, primarily by use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and obtaining transgenic plants have been published for cotton (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,159,135; 5,518,908); soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834; U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,011; McCabe et al., Biotechnology 6-923 (1988); Christou et al., Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (1988)); Brassica (U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174); peanut (Cheng et al., Plant Cell Rep. 15:653-657 (1996), McKently et al., Plant Cell Rep. 14:699-703 (1995)); papaya; and pea (Grant et al., Plant Cell Rep. 15:254-258 (1995)).

Transformation of monocotyledons using electroporation, particle bombardment and Agrobacterium have also been reported. Transformation and plant regeneration have been achieved in asparagus (Bytebier et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84:5354 (1987)); barley (Wan and Lemaux, Plant Physiol 104:37 (1994)); maize (Rhodes et al., Science 240:204 (1988); Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603-618 (1990); Fromm et al., Bio/Technology 8:833 (1990); Koziel et al., Bio/Technology 11:194 (1993); Armstrong et al., Crop Science 35:550-557 (1995)); oat (Somers et al., Bio/Technology 10:1589 (1992)); orchard grass (Horn et al., Plant Cell Rep. 7:469 (1988)); rice (Toriyama et al., Theor Appl. Genet. 205:34 (1986); Part et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32:1135-1148 (1996); Abedinia et al., Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24:133-141 (1997); Zhang and Wu, Theor. Appl. Genet. 76:835 (1988); Zhang et al., Plant Cell Rep. 7:379 (1988); Battraw and Hall, Plant Sci. 86:191-202 (1992); Christou et al., Bio/Technology 9:957 (1991)); rye (De la Pena et al., Nature 325:274 (1987)); sugarcane (Bower and Birch, Plant J. 2:409 (1992)); tall fescue (Wang et al, Bio/Technology 10:691 (1992)) and wheat (Vasil et al., Bio/Technology 10:667 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,152).

Assays for gene expression based on the transient expression of cloned nucleic acid constructs have been developed by introducing the nucleic acid molecules into plant cells by polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, or particle bombardment (Marcotte et al., Nature 335:454-457 (1988); Marcotte et al., Plant Cell 1:523-532 (1989); McCarty et al., Cell 66:895-905 (1991); Hattori et al., Genes Dev. 6:609-618 (1992); Goff et al, EMBO J. 9:2517-2522 (1990)). Transient expression systems may be used to functionally dissect gene constructs (see generally, Mailga et al., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1995)).

Any of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be introduced into a plant cell in a permanent or transient manner in combination with other genetic elements such as vectors, promoters, enhancers, etc. Further, any of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be introduced into a plant cell in a manner that allows for overexpression of the protein or fragment thereof encoded by the nucleic acid molecule.

Cosuppression is the reduction in expression levels, usually at the level of RNA, of a particular endogenous gene or gene family by the expression of a homologous sense construct that is capable of transcribing mRNA of the same strandedness as the transcript of the endogenous gene (Napoli et al., Plant Cell 2:279-289 (1990); van der Krol et al., Plant Cell 2:291-299 (1990)). Cosuppression may result from stable transformation with a single copy nucleic acid molecule that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence found within the cell (Prolls and Meyer, Plant J. 2:465-475 (1992)) or with multiple copies of a nucleic acid molecule that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence found within the cell (Mittlesten et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 244:325-330 (1994)). Genes, even though different, linked to homologous promoters may result in the cosuppression of the linked genes (Vaucheret, C.R. Acad. Sci. III 316:1471-1483 (1993); Flavell, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 91:3490-3496 (1994)); van Blokland et al., Plant J. 6:861-877 (1994); Jorgensen, Trends Biotechnol. 8:340-344 (1990); Meins and Kunz, In: Gene Inactivation and Homologous Recombination in Plants, Paszkowski (ed.), pp. 335-348, Kluwer Academic, Netherlands (1994)).

It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acids of the invention may be introduced into a plant cell and transcribed using an appropriate promoter with such transcription resulting in the cosuppression of an endogenous protein.

Antisense approaches are a way of preventing or reducing gene function by targeting the genetic material (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,801,540 and 5,107,065 Mol et al., FEBS Lett. 268:427-430 (1990)). The objective of the antisense approach is to use a sequence complementary to the target gene to block its expression and create a mutant cell line or organism in which the level of a single chosen protein is selectively reduced or abolished. Antisense techniques have several advantages over other ‘reverse genetic’ approaches. The site of inactivation and its developmental effect can be manipulated by the choice of promoter for antisense genes or by the timing of external application or microinjection. Antisense can manipulate its specificity by selecting either unique regions of the target gene or regions where it shares homology to other related genes (Hiatt et al., In: Genetic Engineering, Setlow (ed.), Vol. 11, New York: Plenum 49-63 (1989)).

The principle of regulation by antisense RNA is that RNA that is complementary to the target mRNA is introduced into cells, resulting in specific RNA:RNA duplexes being formed by base pairing between the antisense substrate and the target mRNA (Green et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:569-597 (1986)). Under one embodiment, the process involves the introduction and expression of an antisense gene sequence. Such a sequence is one in which part or all of the normal gene sequences are placed under a promoter in inverted orientation so that the ‘wrong’ or complementary strand is transcribed into a noncoding antisense RNA that hybridizes with the target mRNA and interferes with its expression (Takayama and Inouye, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25:155-184 (1990)). An antisense vector is constructed by standard procedures and introduced into cells by transformation, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, infection, etc. The type of transformation and choice of vector will determine whether expression is transient or stable. The promoter used for the antisense gene may influence the level, timing, tissue, specificity, or inducibility of the antisense inhibition.

It is understood that the activity of a protein in a plant cell may be reduced or depressed by growing a transformed plant cell containing a nucleic acid molecule whose non-transcribed strand encodes a protein or fragment thereof.

Post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) can result in virus immunity or gene silencing in plants. PTGS is induced by dsRNA and is mediated by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, present in the cytoplasm, that requires a dsRNA template. The dsRNA is formed by hybridization of complementary transgene mRNAs or complementary regions of the same transcript. Duplex formation can be accomplished by using transcripts from one sense gene and one antisense gene co-located in the plant genome, a single transcript that has self-complementarity, or sense and antisense transcripts from genes brought together by crossing. The dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase makes a complementary strand from the transgene mRNA and RNAse molecules attach to this complementary strand (cRNA). These cRNA-RNAse molecules hybridize to the endogene mRNA and cleave the single-stranded RNA adjacent to the hybrid. The cleaved single-stranded RNAs are further degraded by other host RNAses because one will lack a capped 5′ end and the other will lack a poly(A) tail (Waterhouse et al., PNAS 95: 13959-13964 (1998)).

It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acids of the invention may be introduced into a plant cell and transcribed using an appropriate promoter with such transcription resulting in the posttranscriptional gene silencing of an endogenous transcript.

Antibodies have been expressed in plants (Hiatt et al., Nature 342:76-78 (1989); Conrad and Fielder, Plant Mol. Biol. 26:1023-1030 (1994)). Cytoplasmic expression of a scFv (single-chain Fv antibodies) has been reported to delay infection by artichoke mottled crinkle virus. Transgenic plants that express antibodies directed against endogenous proteins may exhibit a physiological effect (Philips et al., EMBO J. 16:4489-4496 (1997); Marion-Poll, Trends in Plant Science 2:447-448 (1997)). For example, expressed anti-abscissic antibodies have been reported to result in a general perturbation of seed development (Philips et al., EMBO J. 16: 4489-4496 (1997)).

Antibodies that are catalytic may also be expressed in plants (abzymes). The principle behind abzymes is that since antibodies may be raised against many molecules, this recognition ability can be directed toward generating antibodies that bind transition states to force a chemical reaction forward (Persidas, Nature Biotechnology 15:1313-1315 (1997); Baca et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26:461-493 (1997)). The catalytic abilities of abzymes may be enhanced by site directed mutagenesis. Examples of abzymes are, for example, set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,753; 5,632,990; 5,631,137; 5,602,015; 5,559,538; 5,576,174; 5,500,358; 5,318,897; 5,298,409; 5,258,289 and 5,194,585.

It is understood that any of the antibodies of the invention may be expressed in plants and that such expression can result in a physiological effect. It is also understood that any of the expressed antibodies may be catalytic.

(d) Antibodies

One aspect of the present invention concerns antibodies, single-chain antigen binding molecules, or other proteins that specifically bind to one or more of the protein or peptide molecules of the present invention and their homologues, fusions or fragments. Such antibodies may be used to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the protein or peptide molecules of the present invention. As used herein, an antibody or peptide is said to “specifically bind” to a protein or peptide molecule of the present invention if such binding is not competitively inhibited by the presence of non-related molecules.

Nucleic acid molecules that encode all or part of the protein of the present invention can be expressed, via recombinant means, to yield protein or peptides that can in turn be used to elicit antibodies that are capable of binding the expressed protein or peptide. Such antibodies may be used in immunoassays for that protein. Such protein-encoding molecules, or their fragments may be a “fusion” molecule (i.e., a part of a larger nucleic acid molecule) such that, upon expression, a fusion protein is produced. It is understood that any of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be expressed, via recombinant means, to yield proteins or peptides encoded by these nucleic acid molecules.

The antibodies that specifically bind proteins and protein fragments of the present invention may be polyclonal or monoclonal and may comprise intact immunoglobulins, or antigen binding portions of immunoglobulins fragments (such as (F(ab′), F(ab′)₂), or single-chain immunoglobulins producible, for example, via recombinant means. It is understood that practitioners are familiar with the standard resource materials which describe specific conditions and procedures for the construction, manipulation and isolation of antibodies (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, In: Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988)).

Murine monoclonal antibodies are particularly preferred. BALB/c mice are preferred for this purpose, however, equivalent strains may also be used. The animals are preferably immunized with approximately 25 kg of purified protein (or fragment thereof) that has been emulsified in a suitable adjuvant (such as TiterMax adjuvant (Vaxcel, Norcross, Ga.)). Immunization is preferably conducted at two intramuscular sites, one intraperitoneal site and one subcutaneous site at the base of the tail. An additional i.v. injection of approximately 25 μg of antigen is preferably given in normal saline three weeks later. After approximately 11 days following the second injection, the mice may be bled and the blood screened for the presence of anti-protein or peptide antibodies. Preferably, a direct binding Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) is employed for this purpose.

More preferably, the mouse having the highest antibody titer is given a third i.v. injection of approximately 25 μg of the same protein or fragment. The splenic leukocytes from this animal may be recovered 3 days later and then permitted to fuse, most preferably, using polyethylene glycol, with cells of a suitable myeloma cell line (such as, for example, the P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cell line). Hybridoma cells are selected by culturing the cells under “HAT” (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymine) selection for about one week. The resulting clones may then be screened for their capacity to produce monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”), preferably by direct ELISA.

In one embodiment, anti-protein or peptide monoclonal antibodies are isolated using a fusion of a protein or peptide of the present invention, or conjugate of a protein or peptide of the present invention, as immunogens. Thus, for example, a group of mice can be immunized using a fusion protein emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (e.g., approximately 50 μg of antigen per immunization). At three week intervals, an identical amount of antigen is emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and used to immunize the animals. Ten days following the third immunization, serum samples are taken and evaluated for the presence of antibody. If antibody titers are too low, a fourth booster can be employed. Polysera capable of binding the protein or peptide can also be obtained using this method.

In a preferred procedure for obtaining monoclonal antibodies, the spleens of the above-described immunized mice are removed, disrupted and immune splenocytes are isolated over a ficoll gradient. The isolated splenocytes are fused, using polyethylene glycol with BALB/c-derived HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) deficient P3×63xAg8.653 plasmacytoma cells. The fused cells are plated into 96 well microtiter plates and screened for hybridoma fusion cells by their capacity to grow in culture medium supplemented with hypothanthine, aminopterin and thymidine for approximately 2-3 weeks.

Hybridoma cells that arise from such incubation are preferably screened for their capacity to produce an immunoglobulin that binds to a protein of interest. An indirect ELISA may be used for this purpose. In brief, the supernatants of hybridomas are incubated in microtiter wells that contain immobilized protein. After washing, the titer of bound immunoglobulin can be determined using, for example, a goat anti-mouse antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. After additional washing, the amount of immobilized enzyme is determined (for example through the use of a chromogenic substrate). Such screening is performed as quickly as possible after the identification of the hybridoma in order to ensure that a desired clone is not overgrown by non-secreting neighbor cells. Desirably, the fusion plates are screened several times since the rates of hybridoma growth vary. In a preferred sub-embodiment, a different antigenic form may be used to screen the hybridoma. Thus, for example, the splenocytes may be immunized with one immunogen, but the resulting hybridomas can be screened using a different immunogen. It is understood that any of the protein or peptide molecules of the present invention may be used to raise antibodies.

Such antibody molecules or their fragments may be used for diagnostic purposes. Where the antibodies are intended for diagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to derivatize them, for example with a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (such as a fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme).

The ability to produce antibodies that bind the protein or peptide molecules of the present invention permits the identification of mimetic compounds of those molecules. A “mimetic compound” is a compound that is not that compound, or a fragment of that compound, but which nonetheless exhibits an ability to specifically bind to antibodies directed against that compound.

Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention, unless specified.

EXAMPLE 1

In this example, DNA is extracted from soybean plants, amplified, and mapped.

A single trifoliate leaf is collected from the newest growth of four week old soybean plants. Leaf tissue from the leaf is placed on ice and stored at −80° C. The frozen tissue is lyophilized, and approximately 0.01 grams of the tissue is used for DNA extraction. The 0.01 grams of leaf tissue is ground to powder in 1.4 ml tubes. 600 microliters (μl) of DNA extraction buffer consisting of 0.5M NaCl, 0.1M Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane pH 8.0, 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 10.0 g L⁻¹ sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 2 g L⁻¹ phenantroline (dissolved in 0.01 L ethanol) is heated to 65° C. (with 0.77 g L⁻¹ dithiothreitol added immediately before use) is added to each tube, and each tube is mixed thoroughly. The samples are placed in a 65° C. water bath for 15 minutes and shaken by hand after 10 minutes. The samples are taken out of the water bath and cooled to room temperature, and then 200 μl of 5 M KOAc is added to each tube. The samples are inverted and placed at 4° C. for 20 minutes. Samples are then centrifuged for 12 minutes at 6200×g and the supernatant (about 600 μl) is transferred to new tubes. DNA is precipitated with 330 μl of cold isopropanol and placed at −20° C. for 1 hr. The DNA is pelleted by centrifuging at 6200×g for 10 minutes and washed with 70% EtOH. The DNA is pelleted by centrifugation at 6200×g for 10 minutes and dried using a Speed-Vac. The DNA is dissolved in 100 μl of TE_(0.1) (0.01 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.0001 M EDTA). The extraction will generally yield 500 ng DNA μl⁻¹.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is conducted with 5 to 10 ng genomic DNA in 10 μl volumes of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM of each dNTP, 150 nM of each primer, 0.01 mM Cresol Red, 2% sucrose and 0.32 units of AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase (Perkin Elmer Instruments Inc., USA). For thermocycling, the Gene Amp PCR System 9700 (Perkin Elmer Instruments Inc., USA) is used with one step of 94° C. for 3 minutes, then 32 cycles of 94° C., 47° C., and 72° C. steps of 25 sec each and one final step of 72° C. for 3 minutes. The PCR products are run on a 6% polyacrylamide gel (30 cm×8 cm×1 mm) in 1×TAE (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 1 mM EDTA) at 180 v for 45 minutes. The gels are stained using SYBR Gold (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

SSR primer screening for polymorphism is performed using PIC, HS-1, Will and PI507354 genotypes. SSRs that are polymorphic and easy to score (i.e., clear banding pattern and good separation between alleles) are mapped using the HS-1×PIC (F2) and/or Will x PI507354 (RIL) mapping populations. At least one SSR per BAC sequence is mapped. DNA markers that exhibited codominant banding patterns are scored as homozygous for one or the other parent or as heterozygous, exhibiting both parental alleles. Marker scores are checked for segregation distortion using the chi-squared test for goodness of fit to expected ratios. Linkage relationships are determined using Mapmaker Version 3.0b with a LOD of 3.0 (Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Mass.).

EXAMPLE 2

DNA fragments containing candidates for genes rhg1 and Rhg4 from susceptible and resistant soybean lines are subcloned into a TA cloning plasmid (TOPO TA Cloning Kit, Version E, Invitrogen Corporation, 1600 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Genomic DNA from 24 susceptible and 9 resistant lines is isolated using standard techniques. Approximately 500 nanograms (ng) of DNA is used for PCR amplification. Resistant BAC DNA is isolated by using AUTOGEN (AutoGen Corp., 35 Loring Drive Framingham, Mass.). PCR amplification is then performed using 0.1-0.2 ng of resistant BAC DNA. The primers that are used to amplify candidate rhg1 genes PCR are as follows:

Fragment I (2,892 bp) primer (SEQ ID NO: 25), GCA ATA CTT GAA GGA ATA TGT CCA C; primer (SEQ ID NO: 24), beginning at start codon, ATG GAT GGT AAA AAT TCA AAA CTA AAC; modified reverse primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1123), beginning 5 bp before start codon; GTT GTA TGG ATG GTA AAA ATT CAA AAC. Fragment II (1,746 bp) reverse primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 27), ending at 13 bp after stop codon, GAC TGG CTG TGA CTG ATC TCT CT; primer 2 (SEQ ID NO: 26), CTC ACT TAC ACT GCT GAA TGC AGA.

The primers for Rgh4 PCR are as follows:

Forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 48), ATG TCT CTC CCC AAA ACC CTA CTT TCT CTC; reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 49), ending at 2 bp after stop codon, GGT TAA CGG CAA TCC ATT GAA TCA AAG GAG.

PCR amplification is performed in an MJ Research PTC DNA Engine TM System, Model PTC-225 (MJ Research Inc, 590 Lincoln Street Waltham, Mass.). PCR is performed using the following components: 1 μl DNA, 5 μl 10× buffer, 1 μl primer 1, 1 μl primer 2, 1 μl 10 mM dNTP, 1.5 μl 50 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 μl Taq. (Platinum), 39.3 μl H₂O. The PCR program used is as follows: 95° C. for 10 minutes (step 1), 95° C. for 30 seconds (step 2), 70° C. for 30 seconds/−1° C. per cycle/72° C. for 3 minutes (step 3), repeat steps two through three 9 times (step 4), 95° C. for 30 seconds (step 5), 60° C. for 30 seconds (step 6), 72° C. for 3 minutes (step 7), repeat steps five through seven 34 times (step 8), 4° C. forever (step 9), end.

PCR products are separated on 1% agarose gel by electrophoresis. A single DNA band is excised from gel. Gel extraction is done using CLONTECH NucleoSpin Extraction Kit (Clonetech Laboratories Inc., 1020 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, Calif.). 2 μl of purified DNA is loaded on 1% agarose gel to check concentration. 40-100 ng of DNA is used for subcloning.

A TOPO cloning reaction is done according to the following: 4 μl of fresh PCR product, 1 μl Clontech Salt Solution, and 1 μl TOPO vector. The solution is mixed gently, incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature, and then placed on ice.

A one shot chemical transformation is performed as follows. 2 μl of the TOPO Cloning reaction is added to a vial of TOP 10 One Shot Chemically Competent E. coli and mixed gently. The mixture is then Incubated on ice for 30 minutes. The cells are then heat-shocked for 30 seconds at 42° C., and immediately transferred to ice. 250 μl of SOC medium is then added, and the mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. 80 μl is then spread onto a selective plate, and 170 μl is spread onto another plate. The plates are incubated at 37° C. for 18-20 hours. The selective plates are LB agar plates with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, 40 μg/ml IPTG, and 40 μg/ml X-GAL.

After incubation, 8-10 white or light blue colonies are selected. The positive colonies are inoculated into LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin and incubated at 37° C. overnight. Sterilized glycerol is added to make 15% glycerol stock, which can be stored at −80° C.

Sanger sequencing reactions are performed on subclones using BigDye Terminators (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.) and then analyzed on ABI 377/ABI 3700 automated sequencing machines (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.). The sequences are evaluated for quality and error probability using the program, PHRED (Ewing and Green, Genome Res., 8:186-194 (1998), Ewing et al., Genome Res., 8:175-185, (1998)), assembled using the phrap assembler and viewed using consed (Gordon et al., Genome Res., 8:195-202). An rhg1 candidate gene is found in BAC 240O17, and is about 4.5 kb in size. An Rhg4 candidate was found in BAC 318013, and is about 3.5 kb in size.

EXAMPLE 3

The physical mapping of a QTL (quantitative trait locus) is described in this example. Mapping is initiated with linkage analysis of SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers. Markers that are shown to be linked to the QTL of interest are used to PCR screen the soy BAC library and identify candidate BACs. Confirmed BACs are subcloned and sequenced, BAC-end sequenced, and fingerprinted. New markers are designed from good BAC-end sequences and used to screen the library, by either PCR or hybridization to high density grid filters, in order to extend the contigs. A BAC-end sequence and fingerprint database of soy BACs is used in conjunction with the above methods to help build and extend contigs. Sequenced BACs are aligned, and overlapping BACs are placed into contigs. These contigs, which contain unique sequences, are put into an ACEDB database, and predicted genes are annotated by hand using various programs. Candidates genes (for the gene of interest) are subcloned from genomic DNA of different lines by PCR using primers from outside the predicted coding regions. These subclones are sequenced and screened for SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and INDELs (insertions/deletions), and different haplotypes of the lines with and without the desired phenotype are examined for correlations between the haplotype and phenotype.

A single trifoliate leaf is collected from the newest growth of four week old soybean plants. The leaf tissue is placed on ice and stored at −80° C. The frozen tissue is lyophilized and approximately 0.01 grams of tissue is used for DNA extraction. The leaf tissue is ground to powder in 1.4 ml tubes and 600 μl of DNA extraction buffer [0.5M NaCl, 0.1M Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane pH 8.0, 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 10.0 g L⁻¹ sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2 g L⁻¹ phenantroline (dissolved in 0.01 L ethanol)] heated to 65° C. (with 0.77 g L⁻¹ dithiothreitol added immediately before use) is added to each tube and mixed thoroughly. The samples are placed in a 65° C. water bath for 15 minutes and shaken by hand after 10 min. The samples are taken out of the water bath, cooled to room temperature, and 200 μl of 5 M KOAc is added to each tube. The samples are inverted and placed at 4° C. for 20 min. Samples are then centrifuged for 12 minutes at 6200×g and the supernatant (about 600 μl) is transferred to new tubes. DNA is precipitated with 330 μl of cold isopropanol and placed at −20° C. for 1 hr. The DNA is pelleted by centrifuging at 6200×g for 10 minutes and is washed with 70% EtOH. The DNA is pelleted by centrifugation at 6200×g for 10 minutes and dried using a Speed-Vac. The DNA is dissolved in 100 μl of TE_(0.1) (0.01 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.0001 M EDTA). The extraction yields 500 ng DNA μl⁻¹.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is conducted with 5 to 10 ng genomic DNA in 10 μl volumes of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 0.001% gelatin, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM of each dNTP, 150 nM of each primer, 0.01 mM Cresol Red, 2% sucrose and 0.32 units of AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase (Perkin Elmer Instruments Inc., USA, 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, Conn.). For thermocycling, the Gene Amp PCR System 9700 (Perkin Elmer Instruments Inc., USA, 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, Conn.) is used with one step of 94° C. for 3 min, then 32 cycles of 94° C., 47° C. and 72° C. steps of 25 sec each and one final step of 72° C. for 3 min. The PCR products are run on a 6% polyacrylamide gel (30 cm×8 cm×1 mm) in 1×TAE (40 MM Tris-dHC, pH 8.3, 1 mM EDTA) at 180 v for 45 min. The gels are stained using SYBR Gold (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) per manufacturers instructions.

SSR primer screening for polymorphisms is performed using PIC, HS-1, Will and PI507354 genotypes. SSRs that are polymorphic and easy to score (i.e., Clear banding pattern and good separation between alleles) are mapped using the HS-1×PIC (F2) and/or Will ×PI507354 (RIL) mapping populations. At least one SSR per BAC sequence is mapped. DNA markers that exhibited codominant banding patterns are scored as homozygous for one or the other parent or as heterozygous, exhibiting both parental alleles. Marker scores are checked for segregation distortion using the chi-squared test for goodness of fit to expected ratios. Linkage relationships were determined using Mapmaker Version 3.0b with a LOD of 3.0 (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge Mass.).

Thirty-two BAC DNA superpools (10 genomic equivalents) extracted from either 4608 clones (48 96-well microtiter plates) are used as templates for the first round of PCR screening. Following identification of the positive superpools, the second screening is performed against 4-D BAC DNA pools. Each clone of the superpool is addressed 4-dimentionally (7×12×8) and pooled in each dimension. Each set of 48 plates is divided into 6 sets of 7 plates and one set of 6 plates, and partitioned in two ways. The first partition is in numerical order, plates 1-7, 8-14, . . . 43-48 representing 7 group or stack pools. The second partition is according to plate position within each of the respective stacks, plates [1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36], [2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 43] etc., representing 7 plate pools. Each well of the 96-well plates contains 12 columns and 8 rows. Clones from row 1 are pooled from all 48 plates to generate the row 1 pool. Clones of rows 2, 3, 4 . . . 8, and columns 1, 2, 3 . . . 12 are pooled to generate 8 row pools and 12 column pools respectively.

For each superpool, BAC DNA is extracted from a total of 34 subpools (7+7+8+12). Positive clones are identified by TaqMan/PCR screening of the 34 subpools if one positive clone is present. If more than one positive clone is present in a superpool, a third round of screening with N4 PCR reactions is performed.

Addresses of candidate BACs are identified, and the candidates are streaked out for single colony isolation and grown overnight at 37° C. A single, isolated colony is picked and streaked out and grown overnight at 37° C. PCR is repeated for the marker of interest (using the program designed for the relevant marker) using a smear of cells from the plate streaked from a single colony. The PCR product is run on a 2% agarose gel and purified using the Clonetech NucleoSpin Gel Extraction Kit (according to the manufacturer's instructions, Clonetech Laboratories Inc., 1020 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, Calif.) and 10-50 ng of the purified DNA are added to 10 pmol of each primer (forward and reverse), in a total volume of 6 μl of ddH2O and 2 μl of BigDye Terminators (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.). The cycling conditions are: 96° C. for 1 minute (step 1), 96° C. for 10 seconds (step 2), 50° C. for 5 seconds (step 3), 60° C. for 4 minutes (step 4), steps 2-4 are repeated for 24 cycles (step 5), and hold at 4° C.

The generated sequence is compared to the consensus sequence using DNA comparison software. Confirmed clones are subcloned, sequenced, BAC-end sequenced, and Fingerprinted.

BAC-end sequencing is done using 3.2 pmol of SP6 and T7 primers (separately), approximately 600 ng-1 ug of BAC DNA (Autogen prepped, AutoGen Corp., 35 Loring Drive Framingham, Mass.) reaction, resuspended in 6 μl of ddH2O, and 4 μl of BigDye Terminators (Applied Biosystems 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.) to give a total reaction volume of 10 ul. The cycling conditions are: 96° C. for 2 minutes (step 1), 96° C. for 15 seconds (step 2), 50° C. for 15 seconds (step 3), 60° C. for 4 minutes (step 4), steps 2-4 are repeated for 50-60 cycles (step 5), 72° C. for 2 minutes (step 6), hold at 4° C. or 10° C. (step 7).

The reactions are ethanol precipitated and loaded on capillary sequencers. The newly generated BAC-end sequence is trimmed from the vector sequence, and entered into a database containing approximately 400,000 BAC-end sequences. Each BAC is blasted against the database to search for BAC-end matches extension of the contigs. New markers are designed from good BAC-end sequences, and these are then used to rescreen the library in order to build up contigs across the region of interest. Screening can be done in either of two ways: as above (PCR strategy), or by hybridization of high-density grid filters from Research Genetics (Research Genetics, 2130 Memorial Parkway, Huntsville, Ala.).

The probes used for hybridization are derived from clones or genomic DNA by PCR amplification using the vector or gene-specific primers, with the appropriate cycling conditions. PCR products are run on a 1% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide (0.2 ug/ml) in 1×TAE buffer at 100 volt for 1-2 hrs. Isolated DNA fragments are excised and gel-purified using the Clonetech NucleoSpin gel extraction kit (Clonetech Laboratories Inc., 1020 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, Calif.), before labeling. In order to check the size of the fragments and concentration, 2 μl of eluted DNA plus loading buffer are loaded on a 1% agarose gel along with DNA markers of known concentration and size. All the probes used to screen the library are tested individually for repetitiveness, with a smaller filter spotted with random clones from the library along with some positive control clones according to the protocol described below.

The A3244 soy library generated by a an EcoRI digest is spotted on 3 high density grid filters from Research Genetics (Research Genetics, 2130 Memorial Parkway, Huntsville, Ala.). Each filter has six fields, twelve 384 well plates are spotted in each field in duplicate, with a total of 27,648 clones spotted on each filter. The plates are spotted in a 5×5 grid (12 clones per 5×5 grid) pattern within each field. Each clone is spotted in duplicate with a specific orientation within the 5×5 grid, which, together with the field position, gives information about its address. In a first round hybridization procedure, multiple probes are labeled separately and then pooled together to hybridize to BAC filters. Positive BACs identified in this procedure are deconvoluted by rehybridization with the individual probes.

A hybridization oven is set at 65° C., and Church Buffer (0.5 M Sodium Phosphate, pH 7.0, 7% SDS, 1% bovine serum albumin, 1 mM EDTA, 100 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA) is prewarmed to 65° C. Membranes are washed in 500 ml of 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS in a large container at room temperature for 5 minutes with gentle shaking (50 rpm) on a rotary shaker. The membranes are rinsed with 500 ml of 0.1×SSC (no SDS) for 1 minute. The wash solution is poured off, and 500 ml of 6×SSC (no SDS) is added to equilibrate the membranes. Three filters are placed in a tube. The filters are separated from each other and the sides of the tube by a layer of mesh. Each tube is filled with 6×SSC and shaken gently with the tube vertical to help eliminate bubbles between the filters and tube wall. The 6×SSC solution is poured off, and 25 ml of pre-warmed Church buffer is added. The bottles are rotated in a hybridization oven at 60 rpm and 65° C. for 30 minutes or longer.

Probes are labeled using 1 μl of 40-50 uCi/μl [α³²P dCTP], 50 ng of purified DNA in 49 μl of ddH2O, and Read-To-Go Labeling Beads from Amersham Pharmacia according to the manufacturers instructions (Amersham Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). The probes are purified using the Bio-Spin Column P30 from BioRad according to manufacturers instructions (Bio-Rad Laboratories, 3316 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia, Pa.). To 1 μl of the column-purified probe is added to a minipoly-Q vial (liquid scintillation vial) for each probe. 5 ml of scintillation liquid is added to each vial, and radiation activity for each vial is measured using a liquid scintillation counter.

After the probes are purified and counted for radioactivity, 10-20 probes and one control probe (from 50 μl reaction) are pooled with 10⁷ cpm/probe each, into one 1.5 ml eppendorf tube. The pooled probes are denatured at 99° C. in a sand heating block for 10 minutes. The tubes are cooled on ice or ice water about 2 minutes, and then spun down at 14,000 rpm for 30 seconds in microcentrifuge. The tubes are pre-hybridized in 25 ml of Church buffer for at least 30 minutes, which is then poured off. 40 ml of fresh hybridization solution (pre-warmed Church buffer) is added. The pooled-probe solution is added to the hybridization tube. The tube is rotated in the hybridization oven at 60 rpm, 65° C. overnight.

The probe solution is poured off, 30 ml of pre-warmed (65° C.) 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS washing solution is added to the hybridization tube, the hybridization tube is rotated in the hybridization oven (at 65° C.) for 15 minutes, and the process is repeat two times. At the last wash, the tube is rotated 180° and at the same speed for 15 minutes at 65° C. The washing solution is poured off, and 2×SSC (no SDS) is added.

Excess liquid is removed from each filter by placing the filter on a piece of 3 MM paper. The washed filter is placed on developed film with the DNA-side up (the side BACs were spotted on), covered with Saran wrap, and squeezed to force out liquid and bubbles. The Saran wrap is folded to the other side of the film, fixed it with tape, and then dried Kimwipes. The wrapped filters are placed into a film cassette with the DNA-side up (the side BACs were spotted on), which is placed on BioMax MS film (Biomax Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada) in a darkroom, and exposed overnight at room temperature without an intensifying screen. Film is developed with a film developer in the dark room the next day, and each film is labeled with filter number, probe used for hybridization, exposure time, and date.

Starting from Field 3, a 384-well grid is put on the field with the A1 position of the grid on the upper right, and the grid is aligned to the image. The row and column position for each positive clone on the BAC recording spreadsheet is determined and recorded. The pattern of the hybridization signal is matched to known patterns. There are 6 plate reference numbers for each of twelve patterns, which are arranged in the same manner as the 6 fields. Based on the signal pattern and field number, a plate reference number is determined for each positive clone. The grid is moved to the next field and the process is repeated. The original plate number (P) is determined using the following formula: P=(N−1)×72+R, where N is the filter number on which the identified clone is present and R is the plate reference number previously determined. The complete address of the identified clone is given by the original plate number plus its position on the plate determined previously. BACs' addresses are identified and converted to “imp” files according to a Q-bot file format.

24 working plates are loaded into a Q-bot (Genetix, Queensway, New Milton, Hampshire, United Kingdom) 6-high hotel and media-filled 96-well plates are placed on the deck. The Q-bot is run following the standard manual using the program called “Rearraying98” with the settings given in Appendix III of the accompanying manual: BAC-Picking. Plates containing picked clones are placed in a shaker incubator and grown overnight at 37° C. at 200 rpm.

35 μl DNA solution are transferred from 96-well plates into a 384-well plate using a Platemate such that 4 96-well plates of DNA are combined into one 384-well plate. The 384-pin head (puck) is washed in 10% SDS solution for 5 minutes, ultrasonicated in a water bath for 3 minutes, washed with 70% ethanol for 1 min., and air dried for 3 minutes. The 384-well DNA source plates and membranes are arranged on the deck according to the instruction from the manual and the spotted grid design chosen for the membrane. Spotting pattern are designed so that there is one control probe at each of the 4 corners of the membrane. An asymmetric pattern is used to orient filters. The control probe concentration is about 5 ng/ul. Zeus is run according to instructions. If the DNA concentration is lower than 5 ng/ul, the Zeus is run a second time to double the amount of spotted DNA on the membrane. One of the empty spots is spot dyed, if available, using one 384-well dye plate. If an empty spot is not available, it is printed on one of the DNA spots. This spot marks the position for cutting filters into small membranes (9×12 cm). Membranes are interleaved between 3M papers and left to air-dry. Each corner of each membrane is marked with a permanent marker and numbered. Filters are denatured on the surface of 3M paper soaked with denaturalization solution for 4 minutes, and then neutralized on the surface of 3 M paper soaked with neutralization solution for 5 minutes. The filters are washed with 2×SSC for 5 minutes and then air dried. The filters are then baked at 80° C. for 1 hr. and cut into individual small membranes (9×12 cm) according to the marked corner.

To confirm and deconvolute, hybridizations are done as before, but with newly generated filters, and each probe is done separately with a single filter using the smaller tube. 15 ml of Church buffer is used for the hybridization.

Fingerprints are generated by digesting the BAC DNA with Hind III for 3 hours at 37° C. and running the reaction on a 0.8% gel at 200V for 19 hours. The gels are stained with SybrGreen, while shaking at room temperature for 45 minutes, and scanned with a Flourimager. The bands are sized using Frag software and the fingerprints are assembled into contigs within FPC. Every time new clones are added the contigs are rebuilt using a tolerance of 10 and a cutoff of 10⁻⁹.

Subclones are generated and Sanger sequencing reactions were performed on randomly chosen subclones using BigDye Terminators (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif.) then analyzed on ABI 377/ABI 3700 automated sequencing machines (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, Calif. 7-8 fold sequence coverage is thereby generated across the BAC. The sequences are evaluated for quality and error probability using the program, phred, assembled using the phrap assembler, and viewed using consed, as in example 2. For Bermuda standard BACs, all contigs are ordered and oriented and all gaps are closed using a directed primer walking strategy. A final quality value of phred40 (1 base error in 10,000 bases) with no gap regions, double coverage or two chemistries across single stranded areas is achieved.

The sequence contigs are put into an ACEDB database along with soy EST and plant EST matches, along with Blastx, Tblastx, and Plant Blastn hits. Genemark.hmm is used to predict possible genes, and GeneFinder is used to predict splicing sites, ORFs, potential coding regions, as well as start and stop codons. The contigs are then annotated by hand and predicted genes accepted, edited, and modified based on the characteristics present in the sequence and matches to protein, nucleotide, and EST databases.

The high-density BAC library membranes used for hybridization are made by Research Genetics (Research Genetics, 2130 Memorial Parkway, Huntsville, Ala., using a modified Q-bot (Genetix, Queensway, New Milton, Hampshire, United Kingdom), 384-well plates containing BACs are spotted onto 22 cm×22 cm Hybond N+ membranes (Amersham Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Bacteria from 72 plates are spotted twice onto one membrane, giving 55,296 colonies in total, or 27,648 unique clones per membrane. The plates are spotted into six “fields” per membrane, with each field having 12 plates spotted in duplicate. This spotting format results in six fields with 384 grids in each field. Each grid is a 5×5 matrix containing 12 unique clones in duplicate, with the center position left empty. The two positions occupied by each clone in duplicate are designed to give a unique pattern that indicates the plate location of each clone. After spotting, the bacteria on the membrane are incubated for 8 hours on LB-agar plates containing 12.5 ug/ml chloramphenicol. The membranes are then denatured, neutralized, washed in a standard procedure, UV-light crosslinked, and air-dried. The membranes can be stored and shipped at room temperature.

Every reference, patent, or other published work cited above is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

1. A method of introgressing one or more alleles into a soybean plant comprising (A) crossing at least one SCN resistant soybean plant with at least one SCN sensitive soybean plant in order to form a segregating population, (B) screening said segregating population with one or more nucleic acid markers to determine if one or more soybean plants from said segregating population contains an rhg1 SCN resistant allele and an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having a deletion of 19 nucleotides corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 2 and encompassing position 48881, and said Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more polymorphisms located at a position in SEQ ID NO: 4 selected from the group consisting of 111933, 112065, 112101, and 112461, and (C) selecting, if present, one or more soybean plants of said segregating population having said deletion and comprising said one or more polymorphisms located at a position in SEQ ID NO:
 4. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said one or more selected soybean plants of said segregating population have a yellow soybean seed.
 3. A method of introgressing one or more alleles into a soybean plant comprising (A) crossing at least one SCN resistant soybean plant with at least one SCN sensitive soybean plant in order to form a segregating population, (B) screening said segregating population with one or more nucleic acid markers to determine if one or more soybean plants from said segregating population contains an rhg1 SCN resistant allele and an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more first polymorphisms located at a position in SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from the group consisting of 45173, 45309, 47057, 47140, 47208, 47571, 47617, 47796, 47856, 47937, 48012, 48060, 48073, 48135, 48279, 48413, 48681, 48881, 49012, and 49316, and said Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more second polymorphisms at a position in SEQ ID NO: 4 selected from the group consisting of 111933, 112065, 112101, and 112461, and (C) selecting, if present, one or more soybean plants of said segregating population having said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said one or more selected soybean plants of said segregating population have a yellow soybean seed.
 5. A method of introgressing one or more alleles into a soybean plant comprising (A) crossing at least one SCN resistant soybean plant with at least one SCN sensitive soybean plant in order to form a segregating population, (B) screening said segregating population with one or more nucleic acid markers to determine if one or more soybean plants from said segregating population contains an rhg1 SCN resistant allele and an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more first polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 45163 to 45314, 45450 to 45509, 46941 to 48763 or 48975 to 49573 of SEQ ID NO: 2, and said Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more second polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 111805 to 113968 or 114684 to 115204 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and (C) selecting, if present, one or more soybean plants of said segregating population having said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more selected soybean plants of said segregating population have a yellow soybean seed.
 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms are single nucleotide polymorphisms.
 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms are INDEL or simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphisms.
 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms in a protein coding region correspond to nucleotides selected from the group consisting of 45173, 45309, 47057, 47140, 47208, 47571, 47617, 47796, 47856, 47937, 48012, 48060, 48073, 48135, 48279, 48413, 48681, 49012, and 49316 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein said one or more second polymorphisms in a protein coding region correspond to nucleotides selected from the group consisting of 111933, 112065, 112101, and 112461 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 11. A method of introgressing one or more alleles comprising (A) crossing at least one SCN resistant soybean plant with at least one SCN sensitive soybean plant in order to form a segregating population, (B) screening said segregating population with one or more nucleic acid markers to determine if one or more soybean plants from said segregating population contains an rhg1 SCN resistant allele and an Rhg4 SCN resistant allele, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more first polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 45163 to 49573 of SEQ ID NO: 2, and said Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more second polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 111805 to 115204 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and (D) selecting one or more soybean plants of said segregating population having said rhg1 SCN resistant allele and said Rhg4 resistant allele.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or more selected soybean plants of said segregating population have a yellow soybean seed.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms are single nucleotide polymorphisms.
 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms and said one or more second polymorphisms are INDEL or simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphisms.
 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more first polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 45163 to 45314, 45450 to 45509, 46941 to 48763 or 48975 to 49573 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or more first polymorphisms in a protein coding region correspond to nucleotides selected from the group consisting of 45173, 45309, 47057, 47140, 47208, 47571, 47617, 47796, 47856, 47937, 48012, 48060, 48073, 48135, 48279, 48413,48681, 49012, and 49316 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein said rhg1 SCN resistant allele is an allele having a deletion of 19 nucleotides corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 2 and encompassing position
 48881. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein said Rhg4 SCN resistant allele is an allele having one or more second polymorphisms in a protein coding region corresponding to nucleotides 111805 to 113968 or 114684 to 115204 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein said one or more second polymorphisms in a protein coding region correspond to nucleotides selected from the group consisting of 111933, 112065, 112101, and 112461 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 